The Life And Works Of Bertolt Brecht Essays - Galileo Galilei

The Life And Works Of Bertolt Brecht The Life and Works of Bertolt Brecht Bertolt Brecht was one of the chief innovators of modern theatrical techniques. He was both a poet and a playwright all in one. His epic theatrical creations developed drama as a forum for social and idealistic causes. Brecht's imagination, artistic genius, and social views distinguish his work and his life. Eugen Bertolt Brecht was born February 10, 1898 in Augsburg Germany, a town in Bavaria. His family was of middle class, which he came to resent, in favor of a Marxist proletarian society. In 1917 he attended Ludwig Maximillian University, in Munich, where he studied medicine. Towards the end of the First World War, Brecht served in a military hospital. During this time in 199918, he wrote his first piece of work Baal, however it was not published until a later time. In 1922 he wrote his first success, Drums in the Night. In 1923 Baal was finally produced. Until this time Brecht had lived in Bavaria. In 1924 he moved to Berlin, where he developed a strong antibourgeois attitude. Several people of his generation developed similar attitudes, as a result of the disappointing post World War I society in Germany. Among his friends, at this time, was a group of Dadaist, who aimed at destroying what they called the false standards and ideals of the bourgeois society. Brecht also became acquainted with a prominent theoretician named Karl Korsch, who taught him the elements of Marxism. During this time period from 1924 to 1933, Brecht worked briefly with the directors Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator. However he mainly worked with his own group of associates. In 1924 he wrote his first professional production Edward II. In 1927 he wrote A manual of Piety. In 1928, while working with the composer Kurt Weil, Bertolt Brecht created what many believe to be his finest piece of work; The Threepenny Opera; a satirical and successful ballad opera. In 1 930 he wrote The Rise and Fall of the Town of Mahogany. Also during this year he wrote his first ?exemplary plays,? A Man's Man, which introduced his unorthodox idea of ?epic theatre.? Epic theatre is a technique created by Brecht, which causes the audience to feel no emotions about a play, but to think critically about its content. This would become a well-used and important technique in Brecht's later plays. In 1933 Brecht's Marxist political beliefs forced him to go into self-imposed exile, from fascists Germany. His writings had made him a natural enemy of the National Socialists, rising to power in his native country. He first managed to escape to Switzerland, then to Scandinavia. With help from some of his fellow artists and exiles, especially Lion Feuchtwagner, Brecht was able to come to the United States of America. He became anti-Nazi writer for a periodical published in Moscow, and produced the 1938 drama Fear and Misery of the Third Reich. During this time Brecht wrote what are critically regarded as his greatest works. In 1943 Brecht's desire to motivate social concerns, in his audience, led to the play The life of Galileo. In this play, through the character Galileo, Brecht reexamines the recurrent theme of obstacles to social progress. In 1949, he created Mother Courage and her Children, which enlists the spectators' feelings as well as their reason. This play was both a success and a failure. It was a success because it was highly popular, but it was a failure in that it caused the audience to feel sympathy for its characters, which violated Brecht's technique of ?epic theatre.? In these mature works Brecht overgrew the single-minded didactic message of his earlier pieces, and achieved complex themes that would be impermissible under the official policies of communism. For a brief period of time, Brecht lived in Hollywood on1954 argyle Avenue. He then moved into a house on 817 25th Street in Santa Monica, from 1941 to 1942. In 1943 Brecht moved into a house on 1063 26th Street. Brecht described the latter house in his diary saying this about it ?one of the oldest is about 30 years old, California clapboard, whitewashed, with an upper floor with two bedrooms. I have a long workroom

A Personal Essay on Woodlands Essays

A Personal Essay on Woodlands Essays A Personal Essay on Woodlands Essay A Personal Essay on Woodlands Essay ‘untamed’ and even ‘wicked’ exactly because the work forces who dominated civilization and society could non get down to hold on the Black Marias, heads and organic structures of adult females, specifically the manner in which these physical and mental aspects all operate on an wholly different plane to the male of the species. The same was true of nature, woods and wildlife that still remain beyond the appreciation of our human consciousness, stand foring something dark, sinister and premonition. Like females, the wilderness was, and still remains, a domain of unreason, religion and lunacy – in resistance to the structured, ordered and sensuous universe that adult male himself had created on the exterior ; a universe of towns, of ropewaies, of trade and of commercialism. As Valerie Plumwood compactly observes in her ain contemplations on the historical nexus between females and the natural st ate ; â€Å"nature includes everything that ground excludes.† [ 1 ] The matrimony between females and nature does non stop at that place. Language has besides played an built-in portion in the preparation of the myth that adult female is a animal of the Earth who is unable to partake in and grok the metaphysical universe of work forces. For case, the lauded British Empire was a she. England was besides a she and the lands that she conquered became her. The ships that sailed to every corner of the planet in the name of the ‘mother country’ had to voyage the barbarous, sturdy seas – the cryptic secrets it held plumping the same deepnesss as the adult female at place and on land. Therefore, ‘she’ was lost. ‘Her’ lading was tossed overboard. On the continent, this sense of a male?inspired philosophical mutualism organizing between adult females and the natural state was farther exacerbated by the victory of gender?based verbs and nouns that are still really much in being today. Via linguistic communication, a dult female is accordingly made to continually play the portion of nature, of the Earth and of a generative being that is entirely dependent upon the masculine in order to last. The construct of the organic structure politic is, of class, non new and neither is its association to the wilderness. The ancient Greeks, for illustration, constructed their full civilization upon the ideal that the metropolis, the citizen, the universe and the Earth were all guided by the same rules, viz. the desire to populate and work in harmony side by side. Venturing into the wood, even in the modern twenty-four hours, can therefore take me back beyond the parturiencies of nature and adult females in the geographical history of which I know into a wholly different infinite and clip, manufactured upon entirely different ideals. Here, adult females and nature are non doomed to be suppressed and cut down to size by a male?dominated urban substructure but are alternatively deemed to be built-in constituents of the cloth of life. Both adult female and the wilderness accordingly become at one time religious and powerful ; the gum that holds a heathen society together as opposed to th e darkness that threatens to destruct the cloth of life in a mistily spiritual society where God is, and ever has been, a adult male. Viewed through this prism, the wood shows us a clip when nature was non our enemy and our ‘natural’ inherent aptitudes, be they sexual or otherwise, were considered to be wholly normal and non a mark of evil and/or immorality. It is vastly hard to try to fall in these two disparate togss together. On the one manus, the forest and its of all time diminishing graduated table is a symbol for the subjection of adult females and the wilderness in our yesteryear, from the renewal of the ‘New Forest’ in the South of England by the Normans to the oncoming of the Industrial Revolution at the terminal of the 18th century. On the other manus, the forest, nature and wildlife make me remember the life style of peoples who came before this clip – those people born in the epoch before the coming of Christ when the wilderness was seen as a religious being that was the purveyor of life on Earth. Womans similarly were non subjugated as they have been in the past two millenary. They were alternatively interwoven into the tapestry of this wilderness and accordingly interpreted as critical constituents of an ancient society that was, and remains, wholly divorced in every regard from our ain. What has change d? When precisely was the point that the association between adult females and the wilderness was transformed from a positive into a negative phenomenon? The reply resides in our working life, in the transmutation of labor from an former agricultural interest into the production of material wealth. At that minute, the wilderness ceased being portion of our corporate being and became alternatively an enemy of a civilization that defined itself and its people on work and big graduated table production. As Donna Jean Haraway declares ; â€Å"all we touch and hence know, including our organic and our societal organic structures, is made possible for us through labour.† [ 2 ] And that is, I find out, the point of this exercising: the significance behind my go oning jaunt into forests and into a universe where I am defined neither by gender, nor by my business ; a universe where I am defined merely by myself and how I interpret my milieus. Here I enter a civilization that is based non on patriarchates but alternatively upon parochialism and it provides me in an blink of an eye with all I could of all time truly necessitate. A watercourse intersecting Fieldss. Trees incorporating within them the birds that constitute the natural vocal of the forests. A birds-eye position of a woody hayfield. When I think about, what else is at that place for adult male to appreciate? These views are every bit much as any adult male can to the full appreciate. These sorts of esthesis can merely be attained through contact with nature and set uping a duologue with the wood. They can non be simulated by computing machines and no digital picture taking on Earth could perchance fax the aesthetic beauty of the forests at their most serene. Take off from the political orientation of modern-day society and removed from the race to roll up capital and wealth, it is therefore easy to understand merely how simple life is meant to be. And it is easy to understand how it is adult male, non nature that has contributed to the dearth of natural experiences that most people indulge in throughout the continuance of their lives. I therefore experience both happy and sad. Happy that I am able to perforate the facade of success that has been so carefully constructed for us, yet likewise sad that so many over?worked, oppressed people are non able to bask the beauty that I describe. Sad that these wretched people are non even cognizant of the glorification of the forests and the woods on their doorsills. Sadder still in the cognition that I excessively must resign the forest really shortly and return to my urban being ; to the things that define me and do me who I am ( harm onizing to cultural consensus, at least ) . It gets me to believing. Make I truly have to go forth the wood at all? Could I non unrecorded amongst the wilderness and therefore travel against the dominant tendencies of society? I surely wouldn’t be the first to seek. Countless work forces and adult females have taken the determination before me to retire their psyches from the animal overload of the modern-day epoch and to vanish into the wild. Great work forces and adult females, and non so great work forces and adult females likewise. Work force like John Stewart Collis who opted out of the industrial depredations of the Second World War and lived a close hermit’s being alternatively on a distant farm in Dorset. The experience led Collis to declare, over clip, that the worm has forgiven the Big Dipper. The inquiry I am forced to inquire myself, nevertheless, is – can I convey myself to forgive the Big Dipper that has trampled over my life? The computing machine screen that I stare at five yearss a hebdoma d. The desk that I sit at and inquire off my clip dreaming of a more fulfilling being. In the wood, I can non reply. Simply because it does non count. To busy oneself with such ideas whilst immersed in the joys of nature and the admiration of the forests is to wholly lose the point: I am here to get away and to indulge ; non to hum and to repent. And so I suspend such ideas for every bit long as I remain within the soft underbelly of the wood. Merely as I begin to resign the forests do I allow my head to one time once more chew over upon the separate universes that exist side by side: the impermanent kingdom of the universe that adult male has made on the exterior and the lasting domain of the universe that adult male has forgotten on the interior of nature’s ain ‘iron curtain’ . As I leave the wood, I follow the footfalls that I myself have left. It is my manner back out. It is my usher. My vision. The lone manner I know how. I edge nigher to the glade that telegraphs my propinquity to the exterior. I can hear the autos now. I can see the fume wallowing out from the fabric works. I can feel my family with society burgeoning. And so, as I reach the really fringe of the forest, I see how it occurs. How we enable history to go on to reiterate itself and how we neer seem to larn from the errors of our ascenda nts in the yesteryear. It is because we continue to follow the well?worn way of earlier. If merely we can take a different path out of the forest we might one twenty-four hours make a point of harmoniousness with nature and with each other, and in the same breathe leave hatred, bigamy and devastation behind. The lucidity I feel makes me remember the dateless beauty of Henry David Thoreau’s composing when, in 1845, he turned his dorsum on society, political relations and economic sciences and retired into the purdah of the Massachusetts wilderness. Inspired no uncertainty by the brutality of the North American slave trade that was in trend at the clip, Thoreau offers a perfect decision to my ain contemplations on the go oning subjection of adult females, the wilderness and a myriad of other minorities in modern societies all over the universe by raising the transeunt nature of bias in comparing to the lasting power of the wilderness. â€Å"They candidly think there is no pick left. But watchful and healthy natures retrieve that the Sun rose clear. It is neer excessively late to give up our biass. No manner of thought or making, nevertheless ancient, can be trusted without cogent evidence. What every organic structure echoes or in silence base on ballss by as true today may turn out to be falsehood tomorrow, mere fume of sentiment, which some had trusted for a cloud that would scatter fertilizing rain on their fields.† [ 3 ] Bibliography Collis, J.S. ( 2001 )The Worm Forgives the PloughLondon: House of Stratus Cordell, A. ( 1998 )The Rape of the Fair CountryAbergavenney: Blorenge Books Haraway, D.J. ( 1991 )Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of NatureLondon: LBC Information Services Plumwood, V. ( 1993 )Feminism and the Mastery of NatureLondon: Routledge Thoreau, H.D. ( 2001 )Walden: Or, Life in the ForestsOxford: Oxford University Press

Gun Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gun Control - Assignment Example The constitution provides for the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment (Lott, 2013). However, this should not be used as a gateway to allow the public to run out of control in regard to ownership and use of guns. Regulation and monitoring of guns is essential to ensure that the right to bear arms does not jeopardize personal and public security. Uncontrolled gun ownership and use could extend to encompass national threats, an aspect that the legal structure should address. Enforcing gun laws does not constitute any measures, processes, or practices that infringe the Second Amendment. Personally, I feel that gun control will promote responsible handling of guns. For instance, as much as the constitution allows the people to bear arms, it does not condone criminal acts like the shooting which occurred at Sandy Hook School. In this respect, gun control is important in ensuring coherent interactions and relations between members of the public (Fisanick,

Hamlet (A Critical Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hamlet (A Critical Analysis) - Essay Example Hamlet never intended to kill Claudius before his father’s ghost appeared and urged him to do so. In fact, it was his internal battle (introspection) that didn’t let him succeed in deciding what he wanted to. There are different theories about Hamlet’s delay in taking revenge. It is believed that he was afraid of being what he was accusing Claudius for; the murderer. Because murdering Claudius would not have made him better than him. In five brother’s story he experienced the darker side of revenge. He wanted to be quick in taking action but was cautious enough to identify emotion and illogical thought attached to it (Westlund 244-256). The story of five sons of a murdered man is narrated within Hamlet. All of sons have their own interpretation and way of taking revenge. Among all of them, Hamlet’s understanding and way of taking revenge is portrayed to be the most balanced one. Neither he acts promptly nor stays completely inactive, rather waits for the right time to act (Rasmussen 463). Hamlet is being criticized for delaying revenge due to his procrastinating nature or belief not to murder a disarmed man as Hamlet rationalize his decision in speech. Another reason for the delay can be the fear of destroying a man (Claudius) who was experiencing a spiritual awakening. It may be true because, according to McCullen the idea of revenge in Elizabethan era required spiritual and physical destruction for absolute revenge (24-25). Thus, Hamlet quit the idea of killing Claudius while he was praying. Hamlet wants to wait for the right time. It does not reflect his being inactive or a procrastinator because strangely, he was active enough to murder Polonius and two spies, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Besides being two of the most crucial characters, Shakespeare keeps readers unaware of Ophelia and Gertrude’s feelings and inner

An Interactive Technique in Instructional Strategy Assignment - 1

An Interactive Technique in Instructional Strategy - Assignment Example I incorporated an interactive technique in my instructional strategy as this was the best method of noting what students actually need. An interactive strategy helps in getting first-hand information from the people concerned with the endeavor (Hardy, 2002). The timeline of the program will run throughout the research period. Each course is scheduled to meet three days a week for one week. Class time will be approximately two hours. The learners of this program are both the students and their respective lecturers. They need to have knowledge in using a computer, as well as researching on the internet. This will ensure that constraints are limited and will ease the process (Hardy, 2002). A lecturer should be willing to assist his/her students at all cost. This takes into consideration using the internet. Students will be considered if they cannot assess the internet. They will be allowed to use the institution’s WiFi in order to carry out their research. They type of learning that will take place, as stated earlier, is an interactive learning. Students and their lecturers will be able to send the survey or questionnaire to users. They will also receive completed PDF forms from other users. Group activities will serve a purpose by permitting participants to assist each other to learn during the course (Hardy, 2002). This is the greatest way of understanding/learning as it will allow people to be open to one another. The aim/goal of this program is to allow students to assist one another as they carry out their research. A student, for instance, might need the assistance of in completing a research paper given to him/her by their respective lecturers (Hardy, 2002). This will widen up the student's knowledge by getting information from other regarding the research topic.  Ã‚  

Critical Analysis of Organisational Change Development and Management

Critical Analysis of Organisational Change Development and Management INTRODUCTION Sometime in the 5th century BC, Heraclitus of Ephesus philosophised the only constant is change. (http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heraclitus). All organisations go through change as they develop and evolve, whether to success or to failure. This essay will look at two companies as they go they go through change, planned and unplanned, their approach and the extent to which they succeeded and applying organisation development and change theory to these two case studies. Organisational change is a recurring theme in the study of organisational development there are several factors, internally and externally, that will influence the development of the organisation, initiating a change which may, or may not, lead to success and sustainability. How the change is implemented is essential to its success as it often impacts one, if not all, areas of the organisation. Early change management theorists include: Kurt Lewin (1951). Doug Stace and Dexter Dunphy (2001) identify organisations which they describe as prudent mechanistics, which retain traditional structures, avoid the organisational fashion show, and perform well. (Buchanen, p566). Harold Leavitt (2003) argues that, while rigid beaurocratic structures encourage authoritarianism, distrust, dishonest, territoriality, toadying, and fear, they also provide ways of handling complexity, give us structure and predictability, and offer psychological rewards by fulfilling needs for order and security. It is argued that the study of change is paradoxical (Buchanan, 565) as the reasons for organisational change are many and complex and because change is a process not a static moment in time, hence can be only understood in relation to continuity. Not all change needs to be deep change it can be a fine tuning to an appropriate response. Transformational change of the Australian Defence Force. The companies were chosen because other their organisational similarities. Company A Company B Similarities Large > 20,000 Reactive International Public Sector Strong corporate culture Founded 1921 Large >20,000 Reactive International Public Sector Strong corporate culture Founded 1922 Differences Australia 90s Organisational structure Approach to change England 00s Organisational structure Approach to change Scope: PESTEL Organisational behaviour terrain. Study this at the organisational level. This essay is not going to examine the group or individual level. Australia has maintained military forces since federation as a nation in January 1901. Upon Federation, the Australian Government established the  Australian Army  and Commonwealth Naval Force. In 1909, the Government established the  Royal Australian Navy, which absorbed the Commonwealth Naval Force. The Army established the Australian Flying Corps in 1912 although this separated to form the  Royal Australian Air Force  in 1921. The services were not linked by a single chain of command, as they each reported to their own separate Minister and had separate administrative arrangements. The three services saw action around the world during  World War I  and  World War II. The importance of  joint warfare  was made clear to the Australian Military during World War II when Australian naval, ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands. Following the war, several senior officers lobbied for the appointment of a  commander in chief  of the three services. The government rejected this proposal and the three services remained fully independent.[13]  The absence of a central authority resulted in poor coordination between the services with each service organising and operating on the basis of a different  military doctrine.[14] The need for an integrated command structured received more emphasis during  the Australian militarys experiences in the Vietnam War.[14]  In 1973, the Secretary of the  Department of Defence,  Arthur Tange, submitted a report to the  Government  that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service into a single Department of Defence and the creation of the post of Chief of the Defence Force Staff. The government accepted these recommendations and the Australian Defence Force was established on 9 February 1976.[15] The  British Broadcasting Corporation  (BBC) is the principal  public service broadcaster  in the United Kingdom. It is the largest broadcaster in the world with about 23,000 staff.[1][2][3]  Its global headquarters are located in London, and its main responsibility is to provide  public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom,  Channel Islands  and  Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster[3]  that operates under a  Royal Charter.[4]  Within the United Kingdom its work is funded principally by an annual  television licence fee,[5]  which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using any type of equipment to record and/or receive live television broadcasts;[6]  the level of the fee is set annually by the  British Government  and agreed by  Parliament.[7] he BBC was the worlds first national broadcasting organisation[8]  and was founded on 18 October 1922 as the  British Broadcasting Co mpany Ltd. The original company was founded in 1922[9]  by a group of six telecommunications companies-Marconi, Radio Communication Company,  Metropolitan-Vickers,  General Electric,  Western Electric, and  British Thomson-Houston[10]-to broadcast experimental radio services. The first transmission was on 14 November of that year, from station  2LO, located at Marconi House, London.[11] Outside the UK, the  BBC World Service  has provided services by direct broadcasting and re-transmission contracts by sound radio since the inauguration of the BBC Empire Service in December 1932, and more recently by television and online. Though sharing some of the facilities of the domestic services, particularly for news and current affairs output, the World Service has a separate Managing Director, and its operating costs are funded mainly by direct grants from the UK government. These grants are determined independently of the domestic licence fee. How do organisations change why do they change. How change is implemented, their impact and their success factors? Two organisations will be compared and contrasted against the various theories, their similarities being that they are both large and complex organisations whose purpose is to serve the public. Initition What are the triggers for change? Why did the organisation have to change. Organisational life cycle (Greiner L) Mintzberg types of change possible step change (company 1) Elements of change : Whipp, Rosenfeld and Pellige The Change Kaleidescope Bolgrum, Barly Whitepaper 1986 Organisational behaviour terrain. Types of change planned and unplanned Strategy Safari Punctuated equilibrium Organisational structure Cultural Era Implementation Strategic Elements of change (Whipp) Levels of change Change Kaleidescope Factors faciliting change Levels of change Wilson, D Forces for change, Lewin K (disagree in co1 cas but potentially for co 2) Total quality management nstep process : c1 y c2 elements of Resistance to change bellelan co1 n long terms, c2 yes short-term bursts Managing resistance : Kotter Co1 yes, co2 no The coping cycle Kublar-Rosser co2 yes ; n/a to company 1 Factors facilitating change Yes co1 2 but co2 fainlied in mid-implementation Unless structure follows strategy, inefficiency results. (Chandler 1962: 314) Impact Contingency approaches Dunphy and Stacy : Yes can be applied to both Effectiveness of change strategy The change kaleidoscope (culture leadership) Time Preservation Capability Scope diversity Organisational structure- tie into first part (initiation) Organisational culture- tie into first part (initiation) Efficiency Resistance 5 types of organisational structure : Mintzberg Divisional Form, mechanistic 1982 : Peters and Waterman in search of excellence Mckinney 7 steps Elements of change context : Economic Political ? Organisational effiveness/ development maturity? Transformational Political and economic forces Restructure of organisation Culture Organisational design IT communciation Conclusion: Bluprint for change One must consider the culture re: effectiveness and how deep it is to go Contigiency Approach Lawrence and lorsh structure depends on factors from the environment. Contingencey Theories : imprecise specification of factors such as environment Ashridge leadership and management BPR radical decentralisation BBC petal. The management of innovation burns stalk mechanistic Æ’Â   organic The Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) has an enduring strategic priority is to keep Australia and the Australian people safe from attack or the threat of attack, and from economic or political coercion. To meet this requirement, the Defence Department employs a full time workforce of over 92,000 personnel consisting of both uniformed Australian Defence Force (ADF) members and civilian Australian Public Service (APS) personnel. The Defence Environmental Scan 2025, identified that the Defence Organisations workforce consists of an ADF with 50,600 full time members and 20,600 Defence Public Servants. In addition, the ADF has 21,000 Active Reserve members.2 2. As a whole, the Defence workforce is responsible for delivering the range of defence outcomes required by Government. While the military and civilian components of the Defence Organisation are required to contribute collectively to the achievement of these Government objectives, the management of the Defence workforce is currently stovepiped along ADF and APS lines, with limited consideration of the workforce as a total resource. Scope. This essay will examine the theories current Defence workforce structure across the ADF and APS. It will consider the potential disadvantages of the current stovepiped separation of ADF and APS personnel management, and examine the merits of moving towards an integrated and total Defence workforce. It will explore the potential benefits of increasing the number of contested positions available to ADF and APS members, particularly in middle and senior management. ONE DEPARTMENT TWO WORKFORCE COMPONENTS Experience and Opportunity 7. The Department of Defence is consistently praised for its success in the planning and conduct of military operations, while also being criticised for failings in its corporate and strategic management. This somewhat paradoxical situation is in part a result of the Defence Departments personnel management processes, where on one hand significant effort and resources are applied to ensure that ADF personnel are adequately educated, trained and prepared for roles they are likely to undertake within the Defence Organisation, while within the APS, individuals are expected to undertake any task without subject matter expertise or professional qualification.6 8. The structured and formalised ADF approach underpins a culture where the importance of experience and professional development are valued and built into career pathways. The APS personnel management approach is not supported by the appropriate personnel structures or management mechanisms required to enable this development. While ADF senior commanders understand and expect ADF personnel to be released from mainstream responsibilities at certain times during their career to meet professional development milestones, the APS management framework does not offer senior managers this flexibility. The APS workforce structure provides limited ability to backfill APS staff undertaking formalised professional development and as such, it is very difficult for senior APS managers to release personnel for extended periods professional development and education. 9. The lack of opportunities for professional development in the APS is compounded by the relative inexperience of the APS workforce when compared to their ADF counterparts. This inexperience has been exacerbated by the accelerated promotion of individuals in recent years as a byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ product of the rapid growth in civilian numbers.7 A comparison of the relative experience levels of senior and middle management in the Defence Organisation shows that 27 %of all APS Senior Executive Service (SES) staff are under the age of 45 and 26 %of Executive Level 2 (EL 2) staff are below the age of 40.8 For ADF members, the minimum period of commissioned service for promotion to one star rank is approximately 23 years, with a minimum of 20 years service required before being eligible for promotion to colonel equivalent rank. The accelerated progression to middle and senior management in the APS limits the time and opportunity for staff to pursue professional development and education for civilian personnel is very much an exception rather than a rule. A TOTAL AND INTEGRATED WORKFORCE Workforce Integration 11. The Chief of the Defence Force and Secretary are currently focussed on moving the Defence Departments people management in a more strategic direction so we [Defence] can better recruit and retain the talent we need to meet the security challenges of the future.11 To meet these challenges, the Defence Department will require a people management framework that draws together the capabilities of the current personnel resources available to the Department more effectively. Key to this approach is breaking down the culture of stovepiped management of ADF and APS personnel. A move to a more integrated workforce management framework, that selects the most experienced and qualified candidate from across the Defence Organisation for particular appointments, would provide significant benefits to the Department. 12. While acknowledging that certain areas of the Defence business requires a degree of specialisation, particularly in the ADF for the planning and conduct of operations and the APS in the delivery of specialist services, there is a great deal of scope for a more integrated approach to personnel management across large sectors of the Department. This is particularly the case across middle and senior management within the Department at the EL 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ lieutenant colonel (05) equivalent level and above, where the requirement for specialisation is often not as important as a sound knowledge of the broader functioning of Defence. 14. In relation to the ADF, an integrated workforce would significantly improve the capacity of the Defence Organisation to better leverage the experience and skills of ADF members. ADF members detailed knowledge and skills gained through experience in a variety of operational and nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ operational appointments, and structured professional development, can be applied in a range of areas within Defence. For ADF members, an integrated approach would provide increased career opportunities for the large majority of ADF officers who currently find themselves with limited options midà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ career. Achieving Improved Effectiveness and Efficiency 15. An integrated personnel management framework and the corresponding improvement in experience and professional development across middle management within the Department would provide considerable scope and opportunity for senior management to consider delegating additional responsibility to a more capable middle management group. This would assist in focussing the decision space of senior management on the strategic direction of the Defence Organisation as opposed to the more routine issues currently consuming their limited time. The empowerment of middle management would also provide increased job satisfaction, leading to improved productivity and retention. This is a significant benefit in an environment where the Defence Organisation is aggressively competing to recruit and retain the best. 16. The introduction of an integrated workforce will require cultural change within both the ADF and APS. There will need to be an acceptance that the lines of accountability for personnel issues to the Secretary for APS members and CDF for ADF personnel will become less clear. The personnel management framework will need to move away from a differing model for the APS and ADF to a more integrated management system, particularly in the area of middle and senior management. The recent appointment of a human resource management professional into the role of Deputy Secretary People Strategies and Policy, provides a real opportunity to realign personnel management across Defence. 17. To assist in this process, a review of all middle and senior management positions from EL 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 05 equivalent and above is required. The review should focus on identifying which positions are suitable to be classified as contestable between APS and ADF members. With an understanding of the nature and scale of these contestable positions, an overarching management structure that incorporates both APS and ADF senior and middle managers can be developed. This overarching approach requires Defence senior and middle management personnel to be centrally managed to best meet Defenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ wide requirements. For this approach to be successful, the Departments personnel numbers would need to be managed in a more flexible manner, with a move away from separate ADF and APS caps, towards an overarching cap on total Defence employees. 18. There are many examples within industry and other Government agencies where personnel with diverse skills and backgrounds are managed as a total resource. Studies of these approaches would be of benefit when developing a revised framework for the Defence Organisation. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) has addressed these issues very effectively and achieved a wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ integrated workforce incorporating both sworn and unsworn officers. Defence should consider using the AFP experience as a case study on how to integrate differing elements into a total workforce. CONCLUSION (Substantial conclusions are drawn about the implications of the analysis for theory and practice) 19. The Defence Department can no longer afford a stovepiped approach to workforce management and must move towards greater integration between the ADF and APS components where the total personnel resources of the Department can be applied to achieve best affect. A move to a more integrated workforce, particularly in the areas of middle and senior management would have significant benefits for the individual APS and ADF members and the Department as a whole. It would provide opportunities to build mechanisms and flexibility into APS personnel management to enable increased professional development and enhanced experience levels. This will improve the job satisfaction and overall employability of APS members both within the Defence Department and the wider APS. For ADF members, greater workforce integration will provide improved career opportunities for the majority of experienced and qualified personnel who, under the current construct have limited career options once they reach the mid career point. This will have significant benefit for ADF retention. 20. A more integrated workforce would provide a framework that ensures the most qualified and experienced personnel from across the entire Department are identified for appointments at the middle and senior management level. Increased integrated can only improve overall workforce effectiveness and efficiency as the Defence Organisation confronts the complex security challenges of the future. RECOMMENDATIONS (Detailed, relevant and considered recommendations for practice are offered).In developing a total and integrated Defence workforce the following is recommended: TQM-What Is It?   If you are reading this book, it is likely that you already know what we mean when we use the term Total Quality Management. Still, its a good idea to define the term, and provide a brief overview.   Certainly TQM can be defined in a number of ways, and the details of different approaches can vary somewhat. However, a good starting definition, drawn from Capezio Morehouse is:   Total Quality management refers to a management process and set of disciplines that are coordinated to ensure that the organization consistently meets and exceeds customer requirements. TQM engages all divisions, departments and levels of the organization. Top management organizes all of its strategy and operations around customer needs and develops a culture with high employee participation. TQM companies are focused on the systematic management of data of all processes and practices to eliminate waste and pursue continuous improvement.    Perhaps a better way of understanding TQM is to compare a TQM organization with what we might call a traditional organizations. tets look at a number of differences.   1. Customer-Driven vs. Company-Driven   Traditional organizations tend to make their decisions based on what is most convenient for them, rather than what is wanted and expected by their customers. Being customer-based means gatf7ering information from customers/clients and modifying services and processes to meet those needs as well as possible. In government, this is not always easy, due to the conflicting responsibilities of a department, and the multiple customers/stakeholders involved in government situations. However, in many cases moving to a customer-driven organization can yield many positive results for government departments.   2. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation   Traditional organizations tend to think and plan with respect to short term outcomes, white TQM organizations tend to think in much larger time spans. A typical example might be that a TQM organization would look at downsizing as having effects over a decade or two, while a traditional organization would look only at the immediate budgetary issues, letting future chips fall where they may.   Also, successful TQM organizations make a long term commitment to the principles of TQM, rather than looking at TQM as a program; something with a beginning and end. This means patience.     3. Data-Driven vs. Opinion-Driven   Traditional organizations tend to be managed by gut feel, or by opinion. They guess at what their customers want, and guess at the costs of waste, etc. TQM organizations base their decisions on data they collect; on customer needs, on waste, on costs, and on the sources of problems. While judgment is always involved in any decision, TQM organizations begin with the data, not with the solution.   4. Elimination of Waste vs. Tolerance of Waste   Most organizations operate with a high degree of waste and inefficiency. Traditional organizations consider waste, whether it be in time, materials, etc, as a normal part of their operation. TQM organizations are very active in identifying wasteful activities, and eliminating them.   5. Continuous Improvement vs, Fire Fighting   Traditional organizations tend to address problems with the way they do things only when there is a major problem or crisis. The watchword in traditional organizations is: if it aint broke, dont fix it, except that often it IS broke, but nobody is paying any attention .   TQM organizations are always looking for improvement, and are constantly engaged in problem-solving to make things better.   6. Prevention vs, Inspection   Traditional organizations tend to fix problems after the fact. Rather than trying to prevent problems, they catch them after the fact, which is very costly. TQM organizations work to prevent problems and errors, rather than simply fixing them.   7. Cross-Function Teams vs. Fortressed Departments   Traditional organizations tend to have sub-units that work autonomously and with little communication or involvement with other units. For example, personnel may have only limited interaction with other departments. Or, on a local level, administrative staff may have little communication with other staff in a government branch, and have a different reporting structure.   In TQM organizations, there is more use of cross-functional teams; teams convened for a particular purpose or purposes, with representation from a number of units or levels in the organization. The use of cross-functional teams means that input is gained from parts of the organization that need to be involved.   8. High Employee Participation vs. Top-Down Hierarchy   Traditional organizations tend to have very restricted communication and decision- making patterns. Employees are told what to do, rather than being inctuded in figuring out what to do. Information tends to flow from top to bottom.   In TQM organizations, employees are much more actively involved in both the decision-making and communication processes. Information flows both top to bottom and bottom to top. For that matter, information also flows sideways.   9. Problem-Solving vs, Blame   Traditional organizations tend to look to affix blame for things that go wrong. TQM organizations attack the problems in their organizations rather than the people. They fix things.   10. Systems Thinking Vs. Isolation   Traditiona~ organizations tend to see the parts and processes of their organization as single things, unretated to other part of the organization. TQM organizations tend to recognize that most often, probtems arise as a result of multiple causes, and that sub- units are interdependent. TQM organizations tend to see problems as a result of the entire system.   11. Leadership vs. Management   Traditional organizations tend to see people as objects to be managed; told what to do, disciplined, tracked, etc. TQM organizations exhibit more confidence in staff and more trust, and expect MORE from them, not less.   Thats a good starting point. There are probably a number of other comparisons to be made, but that gives us some common ground for discussion.   The Three Quality Gurus   While TQM may seem to be a new development to many, it has been around since the 1940s. One of the reasons why TQM seems to be the newest fad was that it was not embraced by North Americans, but it did find a home in post-WWII Japan.   The most well-known advocate of TQM was W. Edwards Deming, a statistician who, while largely ignored in North America, was actively involved in the 40 in the rebuilding of Japan. Deming passed away recently, and was in his 90s.   Two other gurus are Philip Crosby and Joseph Juran. Both are a bit younger than Deming, but have been influential in the field. It is worthy of note that the three gurus do not always agree, probably due to differences in terms of what each thinks is important, rather than in basic principles.   For those interested in learning more about TQM, it might be a good idea to read material from each of these experts.   TQM As Organizational Change Overview Moving to TQM is like any other organizational change. It must be managed effectively, and leaders of the change must take into account aspects of the organizations current culture. In fact, although TQM brings a number of benefits to those in the organization, you can expect some people to be cynical and resistant to change. Lets face it. Everyone in government has seen management fads come and go. Thankfully, a well managed TQM organizational change is likely to bring most if not all people on side over time. Organizational Change Principles 1) Time Any change (and its attached benefits) will take longer to realize than you expect. Typically, it may take as long as two or three years to have TQM working at its peak. 2 Resistance Regardless of the objective nature of the change, some (even many) people will resist it because it is unfamiliar. TQM must be introduced so that it maximizes peoples enthusiasm and minimizes resistance. 3. Leadership Any change will succeed or fail based on the ability of the change leaders to lead. People will take their cues about TQM from the management. If management show that they are committed, employees will become so. If management waffles, hedges, and backs off, then employees will see this as just more rhetoric of little importance. 4. Persistence Nobody is telling you that this process is easy. The worst thing a manager can do is start the process, and when it gets difficult, stop it. That breeds contempt for both the process and the manager. Managers need to commit over the long haul and realize they must be persistent while the rest of the organizations works at getting it. 5. Consistency The primary mistake managers make is that they become inconsistent. Perhaps most of the time, their thinking and actions reflect the principles of TQM. However, not all the time. This tells employees that the manager is not serious. As soon as a manager suggests that a poor product or service be delivered, the game is up. Instant lack of credibility. Consistency also means including employees in the planning of TQM activities, treating employees as the managers customers, and a number of other things. 6.Incentive People will embrace changes that they see are in their own self-interest. When presenting or deal ing with TQM changes it is important that managers highlight and focus on the benefits to the other people in tt7e organization. 7. Communication Change will be accepted or rejected based on the effectiveness of the communication about it. Communication must be frequent, of a two-way nature, and balanced (both positives and negatives). It must begin as early as possible in the process. http://work911.com/articles/tqm2.htm accessed 23102010 Impact Culture does not change because we desire to change it. Culture changes when the organization is transformed; the culture reflects the realities of people working together every day. Frances Hesselbein The Key to Cultural Transformation, Leader to Leader (Spring 1999) Implementation Ten years ago, Peter Senge introduced the idea of the learning organization Now he says that for big companies to change, we need to stop thinking like mechanics and to start acting like gardeners. Alan M. Webber, Learning for a Change Vision without action is merely a dream Action without vision just passes the time Vision with action can change the world Joel A. Barker The Power of Vision In times of rapid change, experience could be your worst enemy. J. Paul Getty Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change. Confucius

Pierre Elliot Trudeau :: essays research papers

Pierre Elliot Trudeau   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Published in 1968, Federalism and the French Canadians is an ideological anthology featuring a series of essays written by Pierre Elliot Trudeau during his time spent with the Federal Liberal party of Canada. The emphasis of the book deals with the problems and conflicts facing the country during the Duplessis regime in Quebec. While Trudeau stresses his adamant convictions on Anglophone/Francophone relations and struggles for equality in a confederated land, he also elaborates on his own ideological views pertaining to Federalism and Nationalism. The reader is introduced to several essays that discuss Provincial legislature and conflict (Quebec and the Constitutional Problem, A Constitutional Declaration of Rights) while other compositions deal with impending and contemporary Federal predicaments (Federal Grants to Universities, The Practice and Theory of Federalism, Separatist Counter-Revolutionaries). Throughout all these documented personal accounts and critiques, the reader learns that Trudeau is a sharp critic of contemporary Quebec nationalism and that his prime political conviction (or thesis) is sporadically reflected in each essay: Federalism is the only possible system of government that breeds and sustains equality in a multicultural country such as Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trudeau is fervent and stalwart in his opinions towards Federalism and its ramifications on Canadian citizenry. Born and raised in Quebec, he attended several prestigious institutions that educated him about the political spectrum of the country. After his time spent at the London School of Economics, Trudeau returned to Quebec at a time when the province was experiencing vast differences with its Federal overseer. The Union Nationale, a religious nationalist movement rooted deep in the heart of Quebec culture, had forced the Federal government to reconcile and mediate with them in order to avoid civil disorder or unrest. The Premier of Quebec at the time, Maurice Duplessis, found it almost impossible to appease the needs of each diverse interest group and faction rising within the province and ultimately buckled underneath the increasing pressure. Many Francophones believed that they were being discriminated and treated unfairly due to the British North American Act which failed to recognize the unique nature of the province in its list of provisions. Trudeau, with the aid of several colleagues, fought the imminent wave of social chaos in Quebec with anti-clerical and communist visions he obtained while in his adolescent years. However, as the nationalist movement gained momentum against the Provincial government, Trudeau came to the startling realization that Provincial autonomy would not solidify Quebec's future in the country (he believed that separatism would soon follow) and unless Duplessis could successfully negotiate (on the issue of a constitution) with the rest of Canada, the prospect of self-sovereignty for Quebec would transpire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His first essay (Quebec and the Constitutional Problem) explores

Definition of Marketing Research

The first thing that an organization must concentrate upon when going into operations is to analyze the current situation of the environment that it is a part of. The organization must know of the current happenings in the environment and the kind of competitors that it is directly affected by and indirectly affected by as well. All these factors must be analyzed clearly and thoroughly so that the organization can decide its strategies and run them effectively. In order to do so, the organization must use marketing research as its tool because it is known to be extremely useful and it never provides false results. Through research, the organization can know what the competitors are planning to do and what their line of action is. Marketing research can be defined as â€Å"Market research is broader in scope and examines all aspects of a business environment. It asks questions about competitors, market structure, government regulations, economic trends, technological advances, and numerous other factors that make up the business environment.† (Wikipedia, 2006) Techniques used for Marketing Research Any organization can use marketing research as one of its strongest tools for being competent in a market. It is known to be the research and development area that has allowed the organization to grow and become stronger in the competitive environment. The organization must concentrate on this aspect to grow in any environment. There are several techniques that can be used for marketing research and will be explained below. The broader categorization of marketing research is out into four topics as: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualitative Research 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quantitative Research 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observational Research 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Experimental Research (Wikipedia, 2006) The techniques within these topics are surveys, focus groups, observations, personal interviews and field trials. Surveys can be defined as have a list of questions pertaining to the topic of the research and then having the target market, selected for the research, to fill out and answer these questions. The survey allows the organization to have an easy statistical overview of the data representing the market so that the organization can understand what features of the product must be concentrated upon to optimize. There are various different kinds of surveys such as telephone surveys, mail surveys and even in person surveys which means that an individual is asked these questions so that the organization can understand the individual’s requirements and satisfaction from the product or service that the organization is willing to offer. Focus groups are conducted with a group of participants chosen from the target market of the research to understand what emotions and important points can be derived from the discussion of these participants with one another. The organization can also use personal interviews where the same problems could be discussed face to face rather than having a group of people. In this way, only the idea and the perception of that individual can be understood. The observational techniques depend upon the non verbal communication of the target market. There could be people from the organization who could be sitting at certain areas where the competitor’s products are sold and then could observe as to how the people look into the products and what their requirements are or specifications of the product. There could be the possibility that a customer may need a certain color that was demanded by many other customers and many other features. The organization must also look into the field trials which is really the experimental portion of the research. The organization would first collect all the data from the internet and other sources and then analyze the data in order to understand how the product is to be changed in order that the customers needs from the research results can be reached. Once the product is created, it must first be tested in an environment to see whether the product has any flaws in them or not. The organization can then make required changes in the product and then eventually launch their product in the market. This is the entire process of research that is usually followed by many organizations. However, there is a greater participation of internet in this process because of the availability of data at all times. Internet and Its Usefulness in Marketing Research Internet is known to be a very strong tool for research because internet holds all the information that can be available for an individual. The internet can provide laws and regulations imposed by governments on different sectors of a country or the research results of various other companies and individuals who also tried to understand the market. All this information can be sued by an individual or company as secondary data as well as a support for their primary research. A company known as Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited has grown to be a multinational and is continuing to grow globally. The main aim of this company was to allow the farmers to have higher yield with better products to embed in the soil. Looking at the environmental aspect of agriculture and using the laws and regulations of the government imposed upon agriculture, Engro came up with new technologies along with products to help the farmers grow. The company went through a number of websites and internet sources to understand the requirements of farmers all over the world and got hold of secondary data to understand the gaps within the agricultural sector globally. The company sort out the products that it can produce and then customized them for its market. This provided the company with a competitive edge over all other locally based companies that are still struggling to gain the market. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All Business. (2006). Market Research Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Asia Market Research. (2002). Research Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/news/cat_research_techniques.htm 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: www.engro.com 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Infospan, Inc. Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wikipedia. (2006). Marketing Research. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research      

Free Essays on Returning To School

Personal Goals that I want to achieve returning to school I am attending college for a few reasons but I’m ultimately going to college for my future. I want to be successful and rich so I can have all the good things in life. I figure that since my career thus far has reached its peak, I’ll have to hit the books. I have climbed the corporate latter as far as I can possibly go without a specialized degree. Although I have been with the same company for fifteen years, all that I really have is experience. In order to continue in my career path, I need to have a specialized degree in business. I enjoy business and want to continue with it for my career. My entire working career I have stood back and watched as my peers received promotions over me due to their specialized college degree. Although, I may have more experience in the filed of expertise, have the determination of success, the one thing that keeps me from climbing the latter is my College degree. So many doors are opened to you if you have a college degree instead of just a high school diploma. When I entered the work force some fifteen years ago, I thought I could make it with just a high school diploma and a lot of determination. I was quickly fooled. My colleagues told me, a college degree makes you a better-rounded individual that can bring new life into an organization. Because you have a broader knowledge base and the skills that are required learn the job, the learning curve is greatly reduced. With the popularity of college lately, there is so much more competition in the workforce and that I should consider going back to school for my business degree. With a degree, you would not only have that on your resume, but you would have the knowledge that you would need to attain the right job. I hope that I can use my job experience to relate to the skills that are needed for a business degree. My desire is to learn all that I can and apply it to... Free Essays on Returning To School Free Essays on Returning To School I have always been a keen and good learner, and academically bright. To educate and enhance myself, succeed in my professional life pursued me to go to school. I have always wanted to get my masters done, but somehow the timing never matched for me. I sincerely hope to get my bachelors and then masters done. I see education as a better way of communicating and presenting my thoughts, my actions and myself. I think coming back to school will change my outlook to professional life. It will certainly give me a degree that I will be looked up to and a title that I could use my education for.It will guide me in a right direction and channel my thoughts and ideas in a creative and specialized manner. It certainly will create more job opportunities for me and give me a professionalism in my work. I think after a long wait before I had to come back to School. I waited for five long years to get back to school. In these five years I saw financial difficulty, pregnancy, premature child, death in the family, etc†¦so I guess I overcame my first obstacle by being back to school. I sincerely hope to keep going for the rest of the year to complete my school. I want to keep my motivation to the scale one so that my interest does not die down. This is the only obstacle that I need to overcome which I think I will, to be successful in school.... Free Essays on Returning To School Personal Goals that I want to achieve returning to school I am attending college for a few reasons but I’m ultimately going to college for my future. I want to be successful and rich so I can have all the good things in life. I figure that since my career thus far has reached its peak, I’ll have to hit the books. I have climbed the corporate latter as far as I can possibly go without a specialized degree. Although I have been with the same company for fifteen years, all that I really have is experience. In order to continue in my career path, I need to have a specialized degree in business. I enjoy business and want to continue with it for my career. My entire working career I have stood back and watched as my peers received promotions over me due to their specialized college degree. Although, I may have more experience in the filed of expertise, have the determination of success, the one thing that keeps me from climbing the latter is my College degree. So many doors are opened to you if you have a college degree instead of just a high school diploma. When I entered the work force some fifteen years ago, I thought I could make it with just a high school diploma and a lot of determination. I was quickly fooled. My colleagues told me, a college degree makes you a better-rounded individual that can bring new life into an organization. Because you have a broader knowledge base and the skills that are required learn the job, the learning curve is greatly reduced. With the popularity of college lately, there is so much more competition in the workforce and that I should consider going back to school for my business degree. With a degree, you would not only have that on your resume, but you would have the knowledge that you would need to attain the right job. I hope that I can use my job experience to relate to the skills that are needed for a business degree. My desire is to learn all that I can and apply it to...

buy custom General Allotment Act essay

buy custom General Allotment Act essay Dawes Act, also referred to as the General Allotment Act came into force in 1887. It would also be called Dawes Severalty Act. This law authorized the US president to survey Indian ethnic land. He would then divide it in terms of allotments to individual Indians. The law has, however, been amended severally. For example, it got amendments in 1891 and 1906. Dawes Act was named after the senator, Henry Dawes, who sponsored. The main objective of the act, as stated, would be to assimilate Indians to American society. Owning land individually appeared to be one vital step. The government would also purchase the land owned by Indians and reserve it for settlement by people who were not Indians. A commission was set in 1893 not to help in administering Dawes Act, but get back five tribes that had been excluded from the act, yet were civilized. The commission needed to make the five tribes agree with the allotment plan. In 1908, the jurisdiction of Indian land, which was seen as tribal, bec ame destroyed by the Curtis Act. Dawes act 1881 was a federal law meant to make Native Americans become landowners and farmers through the provision of 160 acres for grazing and farming. Supporters of this law believed that this federal law would make Indians civilized by changing their lifestyle from nomadic to farming. They would no longer be treated as tribes, but rather like members. Native Americans were also to be given American citizenship. The Indian culture was, however, undermined by the law even though it was well intended. Their hunting rights became restricted since they could no longer hunt in the reserved lands. Most of the reserved land belonged to the whites after enactment of the law. According to Senator M. Teller, the law intended to open up Indian land to make it ready for resettlement. The government of United States has been unsuccessful in registering Native Indians even though it has put a lot of efforts, for several years. Dawes act 1887 was one of such efforts by U.S. government, while the Indians were suspicious of the Act because the government had previously relocated land in a clumsy way. Some Indians refused to register for fear of being punished. To be registered in the Dawes Act, Native Americans were required to change their names, or to anglicize them. A number of government agents, who were meant to administer the Dawes Act, put their relatives names to the Dawes Rolls. This made people, who did not deserve it, acquire several acres of land. Abuses of Dawes Act became revealed in the Miriam report. A group of prominent citizens and Native Americans was selected to investigate the allegations of abuse and corruption in the Dawes Act. This group was constituted of 1001 people. Massive misappropriation and fraud, by agents of the government, were reported. Discoveries were made that, at the time of Dawes Act, Indian land measured 138 million acres. However, this land became reduced to 47 million acres after the act was repelled. Repeal of this act came as a result of Miriam Report although the fraud and misappropriation that had occurred could not be restored. It was, however, agreed that the Indians would be compensated. They would receive credit fund, which was designed to encourage self sufficiency, as well as small businesses. The government started recruiting Native American Indians to work in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, established by the Indian courts. A mechanism was established to enable pooling of land by Indians. They would own land as a corporate entity. They would also purchase land, as well. It was discovered that, by 1954, the reorganization act was failing. The acts implementation became affected by corruption and in competencies brought about by Dawes Act. It was then that the Bureau of Indians Affairs without hesitation initiated phase of relocation and termination as part of the Act reorganization. Programs of IRA were no longer funded leading to several bankruptcies and dislocation among the natives. Sixty-one tribes also became unrecognized; thus losing government recognition leading to lack of government assistance. It is not yet well known whether this was an administrative idea, or it was simply a way to exploit Native Americans. Some of these Native Americans are to date fighting back for their rights. At one time, an Indian girl called Clinton who was the president by that time demanding an explanation as to why she did not have her heritage. The President told the girl that he was not aware of such a thing and that he would look into the matter. This girl came from Lumbee tribe, found in North Carolina consisting of at least 40,000 Indians. This tribe had been erased through relocation and termination act of 1954. The response was that the president was sorry but such a tribe did not exist according to the government. The government of United States granted citizenship to Native American Indians in 1924. It is well known that they had never enjoyed such a privilege in the past. In 1990, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act became enacted. It was signed by President Bush and the law aimed at bringing changes and clearing the mess, which had been made over 100 years ago. This law would protect Native craftsmen who lived in America by preventing counterfeit and several other things. The federal government, however, had to certify the Indian artisans to enable them sell their products. The act also defined an Indian as any person belonging to an Indian tribe or, a person certified to become an Indian artisan. Certification process brought a problem, as having been born to Indian parents was not enough to prove a persons tribe. It also proved difficult to trace a persons lineage. An applicant had to belong to a tribe that according to U.S government was an Indian tribe. As mentioned earlier, termination of the Act erased at least 61 Indian tribes. A persons parents must have been recognized by the government of United States as Indians. The problem arose in that it was difficult for the Native Americans to obtain documents due to the confusion that was brought by Dawes Act, and the termination of the Act. Again, the conditions that prevailed in the third world countries were hrsh; hence it was difficult to obtain documents that would show to which tribe a person belonged given the fact that several tribes existed simultaneously. Several Indians, who are genuinely artisans, cannot obtain certification easily under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act simply because their tribes got erased long ago. Authority does not exist to enable them to become certified even if they deserve to be certified artisans. Many Indian families who depended on artisan for a living had their livelihood confiscated following enactment of the act by the United States government. Those artisans who do not obey the law risk being fined money amounting to one million. They also get imprisoned for fifteen years. Groups or corporations who do not follow the regulations get fined an amount of money totaling to five million. Most Indian artisans cannot compete effectively. Jeanne Walker is one example of Indian artisans who cannot participate in Indian Heritage Competition since she has been barred by the government of United States. She has been an expert for a long time and has even won several awards. She cannot participate because her relati ves, family, and ancestors were frauds, according to the law. Indian artisans also find difficulties while getting registered based on ethnic heritage. This process reminds them of the olden days when their rights had been based on blood quantities. The method was used to control non-whites living in South Africa. The process was referred to as Certification of Degree of Indian Blood. Indians became tired of getting registered, deregistered and eventually erased administratively as a result of corruption and incompetent bureaucracy. This idea leads to ethnic cleansing, thus diving Native Americans by stating that some are certified while others are not. This division brings a lot of tension because people who should be united get divided by the law. Many Native Americans who were not registered continued practicing the ancestral art; hence defying the legislation. These people are currently doing the art as American citizens but not as American Indians. They earned these constitutional rights after fighting for them painfully. An Art and Craft Act for Indians should indeed protect them rather than disenfranchise individuals in terms of their culture and heritage. For advanced civilization, Indians had to own land individually rather than communally. However, Indians were quick to resist this as it meant land grabbing by those called reformers. The Indians were finally denied land, which later became occupied by white settlers. The new policy also intended to kill the Indian culture. Americans believed that Native American culture lacked value, and since Indians did not appear to understand this, they had to be forced to accept Whites culture, which was superior to theirs. An integrated society was vital in comparison with several separate cultures. This is what was referred to as assimilation. Most Indians in America had been affected by the military and they mainly relied on aid from the U.S government. The reformers were, therefore, lucky since they would reward good Indians who could not resist their demands. In 1883, polygamy, medicine making, sun dance and bridal payment became illegal. The whites viewed these cultural practices as anti progressive that hindered civilization. Many Native Americans in Kiowa, Cheyenne and Comanche who were prisoners got exiled in Florida. One of the army officers supervising them came up with an idea that these people needed civilization through education. The government supported his idea, and he was funded to establish a boarding school in Carlisle where Indian children would attend classes. This idea was referred to as killing the Indian and saving the man. The aim was, however, to kill the Indian culture by enrolling Indian children to white classes where they would learn a superior culture. In school, children were not allowed to speak in Indian language. They could also not contact their families for them to forget the primitive culture. Military lines would run these schools. Therefore, obedience was expected at all times and timetabled routine had to be followed. Discipline was considered paramount. Native American beliefs became replaced by the Christianity. The first half of learning was meant for education, and the other half was devoted for industrial training. Sessions referred to as outings were also developed. Here, children would visit white families locally as a way of encouraging cultural assimilation. The children would also be given American names such as John, Maggie among others. New European settlers arrived at the Eastern border, where most Native Americans were settled. The government believed that it would face Indian problem since these communities were different from the whites and living together would have caused chaos. Indian commissioner, therefore, proposed the establishment of colonies for the natives. The U.S government decided to uproot the Native Americans so as to settle the European Americans. They argued that the reason behind this was to protect the new European settlers from the evil ways of the Natives. This policy led to many deaths and sufferings due to resistance by the Native Americans. Each tribe was eventually allotted a piece of land with protection against their territories. Treaties were signed in negotiation for this allotment. Mixed emotions became stirred among the Americans because of tribal organizations of the Native Americans who had hereditary chiefs. These chiefs used Indian traditions in exercising their power. Many Ame ricans feared the Native American organizations and they, therefore, advocated for reforms. The Native Americans were opposed to the most of changes as they thought it would weaken their positions. A top priority for governments agenda was civilization through assimilation. They wanted an independent agricultural society. Enactment of Dawes Act aimed at accomplishing six main objectives. The first objective was breaking the tribes into social units. Individual initiatives were also to be encouraged. The Act also aimed at reducing the administrative cost spent on the Native Americans in order to progress the farmers. Part of the land was to be reserved as Indian land. Finally, the Dawes Act aimed at opening the remaining land so that European settlers would maximize their profits. The American government allotted reservations even without the consent of Native American Indians. This forced them to become Euro Americanized, which they did not like. Native Americans had ideologies regarding their land. They cared for and they valued it because of its ability to sustain their lives. The land was also valued as it produced all the things that they required. It was the source of their existence and it gave them a sense of belonging. Unlike the Americans and Europeans, they did not value land for its economic standpoint. However, to ensure their survival, the natives had to surrender to the progression forces. They needed to adopt American values since Americans constituted the majority in the society. They found it difficult, however, to view land as a real estate that could be developed after being purchased. They also needed to learn how to use their land effectively and efficiently in order to prosper in farming. The American government wanted the Native America ns to become self supporting citizens who did not have to be supervised by the government. According to the Dawes Act, the head of the family would be entitled to 160 acres of land. An orphan or a single person, on the other hand, would receive 80 acres and those below the age of 18 would receive 40 acres of land. An Indian who had adopted American values was to be bestowed with U.S citizenship. A member of a tribe would be subjected to laws of their territory. There was to be a secretary who would ensure distribution of irrigation water equally among all the existing tribes. The Act did not apply to Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Miamies, Peorias, and Seminoles territories. The Act was amended in 1881 when it failed to meet the quantities allocated to each individual originally. It also stated that grazing land should be allocated and allotted in double terms. The amendment also gave the criteria to be followed in case of inheritance. Burke Act provided that the Secretary of Interior had the power to force title of land on an Indian. Native Americans obtained American cit izenship after accepting the allotted land. Land that was allocated to Indians was not taxed. Again, Burke Act was not applicable to Indian territories (Murrin, 2010). Dawes Act affected Native Americans negatively in that they lost the valued communal holding of land. This Act was followed by Curtis Act 1898 that dissolved tribal governments including the tribal courts. Land owned by Native American Indians was reduced significantly. Americans wanted to strengthen the nuclear family ties. Allotment of land that was meant to be sold, later in future, started being sold to non-native buyers. Profits obtained from the sales of these lands assisted in funding programs meant to aid Native American Indians. However, the Native Americans did not benefit from the profits earned, instead they were left landless. Any land belonging to an incompetent Indian would be leased to the federal government by the Secretary of the Interior since he had been authorized to do so. An allottee would be free to decide whether to keep his land or to sell it. They could not get credit or a ready market, and liquidation of their land became inevitable. The Interior departmen t knew that eventually, most Indian land, under free patent, would be sold to the whites. Allotment policy ended hunting since the land base became depleted. Most Indian men took up roles that previously belonged to women. Their gender roles changed since they were used to communal living. Women could no longer take care of the land, and they did not receive recognition in political spheres. Native women depended on their husbands for survival. Before the land became allotted, women possessed necessary social and political status since they helped in kin networking. For a woman to receive 160 acres of land it was necessary to be married officially. Conclusion In conclusion, a problem arose when it came to the certification process. Having been born to Indian parents was not enough to prove a persons tribe. It also proved difficult to trace a persons lineage. An applicant had to belong to a tribe that according to U.S government was an Indian tribe. As mentioned earlier, termination of the Act erased at least 61 Indian tribes. A persons parents must have been recognized by the government of United States as Indians. The problem arose in that it was difficult for the Native Americans to obtain documents due to the confusion that was brought by Dawes Act, and the termination of the Act. Again, the conditions that prevailed in the third world countries were harsh; hence it was difficult to obtain documents that would show to which tribe a person belonged taking into account the fact that several tribes existed at that time. It has also been discussed that under Dawes Act reserved land became allotted to individual Indians. The excess of land that was not allotted was eventually sold to the whites with permission from the tribes. An Indian whose land was held in trust was not included in the US jurisdiction. Such people would also get full American citizenship. People considered Dawes Act to be an important one as some families benefited from the profits earned following the sale of the land, which had not been allotted. The value of land owned by Indians increased as ranches, farms, roads, businesses, municipal governments, among other services developed. The initial intentions of the act were admirable as the Indian lands would generate money that would help in developing counties, schools, and states. When the congress failed to assimilate Native Americans into American society, several problems became created to the reservation residents. The reorganization act 1934 is the one that created economic and political systems, which remain to date. The Dawes Act failed due to corruption of the government agents and resistance from the Indians. Buy custom General Allotment Act essay

Socrates Trial and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Socrates Trial and Death - Essay Example In this paper, investigation will be done on some events leading to his trial and death. The discussion will be based on a martyr and an anti-democratic interpretation. The dialog on apology starts on a rather ironical manner. It is not an apology in the real sense but a conversation between Socrates and the jury during his trial. He had been blamed of not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, in addition to invention of new deities and corruption of the youths of Athens. In this scenario, he sacrifices himself to be tried for the sake of the State of Athens, which he believes is rotten with bad practices of worshiped unworthy gods. In his trial, he pays less respect to the formalities of a court, and goes to an extent of proclaiming that since he is inexperienced with the law courts, he will speak in a manner accustomed to him. He promises to speak with total honesty and directness. In an attempt to prove his innocence, he claims that he is the wisest man, after which he recognizes his ignorance and corrects himself by stating that he knows nothing. He is ready to take any verdict, believing that it will seal his fate as the person who tri ed to question and correct the seemingly wise men. The youths consider him a hero who deserves nothing else but the authority to continue with his role of correcting the state. His accusers, Meletus and the other people he embarrassed, treated him with hatred and anger. They are determined to see him silenced forever. In his dialog with Meletus, he tries to embarrass him. Socrates feels very important and likens himself to a gadfly which stings the lazy horse, the Athenian state. His death would be a sacrifice just like a martyr who dies to save the rest of the humankind. He threatens the state that in case it sentences him to death; it will fall into a deep sleep. The death penalty seals his fate, despite his request to pay a fine instead. Just like a martyr, he fearlessly agrees

Project Content Elements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Content Elements - Assignment Example The authors have chosen to focus on a prevalent culture-bound syndrome known as â€Å"Seizisman† for illustration of assessment, cultural beliefs and illness management among Haitians. This article will expound more on my research by showing how the Haitians’ cultural beliefs ultimately have an effect on their health care experience as the exemplification of the culture-bound syndrome, ‘Seizisman’ will indicate. Nicolas, G., DeSilva, A. M., Grey, K. S., & Gonzalez-Eastep, D. (2006). Using a multicultural lens to understand illnesses among Haitians living in America. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(6), 702. Published researches show that culture has a significant effect on how mental illnesses are expressed and manifested by diverse ethnic populations. Little has been done to focus on the growing number of Haitians in the United States. This article focuses on clinical observations made on Haitian immigrant women on expression of depression. The paper distinctively considers depression and how it is managed among these Haiti women by relief through God, pain in the body and fighting a losing battle. It then a more methodical and scientific depression investigation and management. Nicolas, G., DeSilva, A. M., Subrebost, K. L., Breland-Noble, A., Gonzalez-Eastep, D., Manning, N., †¦ Prater, K. (2007). Expression and treatment of depression among Haitian immigrant women in the United States: clinical observations. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 61(1),