Essay about master budgeting 11072014

Survey on Tissue Paper User Essay Example For Students

Review on Tissue Paper User Essay Presentation Tissue paper has been a huge piece of our everyday life with the end goal of immaculateness, cleanness and newness. Facial tissue and latrine tissue has been the most broadly utilized type of tissue paper. Facial tissue alludes to a class of delicate, spongy, expendable paper that is appropriate for use on the face. The term is normally used to allude to the kind of facial tissue, typically sold in boxes, that is intended to encourage the ejection of nasal bodily fluid from the nose in spite of the fact that it might allude to different sorts of facial tissues including napkins and wipes. Bathroom tissue, which contrasts in piece from facial tissue, is intended to weaken when wet so as to keep channel pipes clear. A few sorts of bathroom tissue are intended to break down in septic tanks, while other restroom and facial tissues don't. It is a delicate tissue paper item used to keep up close to home cleanliness after poo. Facial tissue is frequently alluded to as a tissue Kleenex which promoted the creation and its utilization. The research paper hanky is additionally utilized. In many pieces of the world, hankies have dropped out of utilization, with the exception of style, and their capacity has been supplanted altogether by facial tissue. Something beyond a cloth, todays facial tissue is presently intended to reduce and forestall uneasiness and infection by encouraging the ejection of nasal bodily fluid from the nose (cleaning out the nose). The tissue is an expendable sort of paper designed to be slender and delicate for comfort, however additional strong for work. Since superfluous bodily fluid is an inconvenience, facial tissue is a generally utilized thing in family units around the world. Records of human utilization of bathroom tissue previously showed up in China, during the fourteenth century. Utilizing water to clean oneself, in lieu of tissue, is regular in India and Muslim nations. We will compose a custom article on Survey on Tissue Paper User explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The utilization of water in Muslim nations is expected to a limited extent to Muslim sharia which energizes washing after crap. The benefits of tissue are that it is simple and instinctive to utilize, genuinely spongy, can be helpfully caused accessible close to toilets and it to can be flushed in many nations where bathroom tissue is normal. Most current sewage frameworks, including septic tanks, can acknowledge tissue alongside human excreta. In numerous cases, utilized bathroom tissue is set in a tin or dustbin close to the can if the pipes or septic framework can't adapt to tissue. Losing the dirty paper can prompt a genuine violation of social norms, paying little mind to culture. Bathroom tissue additionally has drawbacks: natural, contamination, neatness, substitution costs (materials time), and a significant level of subjective/physical working to be utilized appropriately. The advanced other option: warmed bidet is quickly diminishing in costs and expanding in assortment. In buying tissue, there are numerous beguiling advertising methods being utilized. One of the most widely recognized is to build the size of the vacant gap or thin the width and size of the paper. Extravagant bundling is another normal strategy, aligned with deliberately positioned promotions and exposure methods. Destinations Broad goal: To look at the segment profile of tissue paper clients and its utilization related and use-circumstance suggestion in their separate life. Explicit goals: ? To think quickly about the clients of tissue paper. ? To recognize the buyer qualities of the tissue paper clients ? To distinguish the inspirational variables that impacts the tissue paper clients ? To see the impression of shoppers among the diverse tissue paper clients ? To discover the situational impacts that influences the tissue paper clients ? To recognize the evaluative standards that the purchasers use tissue paper in various circumstances ? To distinguish the utilization pace of the tissue paper among the distinctive status of individuals ? To distinguish mindfulness status-uninformed, intrigued, excited and so forth, on brand faithfulness, on schedule, on objective, on the spot and on individual also. Theory Tissue paper use has these days expanded immensely among the distinctive salary gathering of the city occupants. Degree Our degree is to comprehend the conduct of our example measure and decide if our speculation is genuine dependent on our examination work METHODOLOGY Our undertaking will be founded on essential and auxiliary data applicable to our theme. For our essential information assortment, we will lead a study among the city inhabitants, particularly college understudies, white collar class; upper working class and high society individuals whom we accept establish our objective gatherings. We plan to direct overview on in any event 50 individuals from various fragments referenced earlier15 individuals from each section to get a generally precious stone thought from our examination work. For this, we will set up a survey involving at around 20 relating inquiries to hear the thoughts just as impression of those individuals. So as to fulfill our optional data needs, we will investigate a few magazines, paper articles, commercials and site pages of various tissue paper organizations working or showcasing their items in our nation. Confinements It is very characteristic that during the time spent setting up an examination paper, we as a whole need to experience certain troubles. As an exploration paper is very inconceivable without the help of others and are limited by a time period, we needed to beat numerous impediments as often as possible in setting it up. Hardly any other potential constraints that caused us some enduring while setting up the examination paper are: ? Plan of the Questionnaire: Questions could have been all the more precisely intended to address our issue for significant data. This could have consequently helped process information examination a lot quicker. Data biasness: It is extremely hard to gauge human conduct, as it is exceptionally mind boggling in nature. Error of the inquiry by the respondents additionally causes biasness. At long last as immediate information assortment strategy is received, this may likewise impact the respondents to offer one-sided responses. Time Constraints: It is a promoting examination to be led in a more extensive scale thus it clearly requires additional time than the run of the mill reports that we need to get ready for the greater part of our different courses. Be that as it may, as we needed to keep up our ordinary class plans and get ready for different tests and ventures, we felt the requirement for additional time close by when directing the exploration. Test Size This kind of research requires a huge example size, however in short scope investigate we were unable to take a tremendous example. 50 individuals were chosen as our example size utilizing no examining strategies, particularly in light of the fact that our populace has stayed to be obscure. The number of inhabitants in tissue paper in the nation is enormous enough for us, with such restricted position to pick up knowledge into. In this manner, understandings of review results may not really stand valid for the whole populace. Discoveries ? Individuals of various ages devour tissue paper. ? Individuals of all callings devour tissue paper. Individuals with various family salary are the moderate client of the tissue paper. ? The vast majority of the individuals cost more than TK. 50 to TK. 100 on tissue paper for every month. ? A large portion of the individuals utilize both facial and can tissue paper. ? Individuals use tissue paper anyplace and whenever they need it. ? Individuals lea n toward tissue paper to cloth since it is simpler to utilize. ? A few people additionally feel that they use it for its tidiness and accessibility. ? Individuals use tissue paper since they can utilize it for various purposes. ? A few people use it since it is accessible at their home. ? Individuals for the most part use tissue paper in latrine. Individuals extraordinarily use tissue paper in summer when they sweat. ? They likewise use tissue paper in the café and when they have come down with bug. ? Few individuals use tissue paper during facial. ? Larger part of the individuals use Bashundhara tissue paper. ? The majority of the individuals don't have the particular brand and they purchase tissue paper contingent upon the accessibility. ? The majority of the individuals purchase box tissue and smaller than usual pack tissue. ? Few individuals like enormous pack tissue. Information ANALISIS Frequency Distribution Gender Among 50 members, 26 of this review were male and the rest 2 4 were female. .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .postImageUrl , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7:hover , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7:visited , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7:active { border:0!important; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7:active , .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u69456fe1bf8d45824d98986983215ec7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward ar

What to Do if Youre Married to a Jerk

What to Do if Youre Married to a Jerk Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Are You Married to a Jerk? Do you love yet dislike your spouse at the same time? By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Updated on February 05, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse It happens to a lot of people. You fall in love, and the romantic phase can blind you to your partners imperfections. Unfortunately, later you may realize that your spouse is really a jerk. You think your mate will change. Or that you can help bring out the best in them. You hope that in time, the difficult aspects of your spouses personality will go away. But in the vast majority of cases, it simply does not happen. The result is that you may find yourself married to a person you dont like. Comments from others, such as You should have known better, or Didnt you see it while dating wont help. Maybe you did miss some red flags or ignore some warnings, but that doesnt change the current situation. Types of Difficult Spouses Know-it-allNegative thinkerCriticWishy-washy typeSilent clamBullySickeningly sweet typeProcrastinatorSelf-centered and selfish personDemanding mateJokerEmbarrassing spouseBehavior or personality traits that you dont like or dont agree with are not the same as abusive behavior. If you are facing abuse, ask for help from a doctor, therapist, shelter or hotline. Coping Strategies Personality compatibility is an important characteristic of happy relationships. The irritating habits and activities of a spouse can drive you up the wall just like the drip, drip, drip of a leaky faucet. If ignored, it only gets worse. As soon as you start to realize you are in this predicament, take action right away.?? Dont let the resentment build until you explode.   There is hope for this situation. However, it does take honest and caring communication. Remember that you also have behaviors and traits that annoy your partner. Recognize that you cant change your spouse. You can only change your reactions and responses. The upside: If you change your behavior, your spouse may want to change theirs. Or you may see a different reaction than you are used to (with luck, a better one).  Try to focus on the positive. Looking only at the negative behaviors in your spouse can be self-fulfilling. If you find yourself in this trap, spend one evening, one meal, or one hour looking for the positive in your mate. Then do it again. The next time, see if you can focus on the positive for twice as long.??Reinforce positive behavior. When your spouse does something you like, say so! Say it in a sincere, positive fashion. Speak to your spouse the way you would want to be spoken to, not with sarcasm or veiled criticism.??Maintain eye contact when stating your opinions and feelings. If you are going to make a statement or request, prepare it ahead of time and look your spouse in the eye while speaking. This demonstrates your h onesty and openness.Be straightforward and clear in your communications. Avoid hints, veiled comments and passive-aggressive statements. Dont make your spouse guess what you need. Ask for it directly.??Make time to be alone together. Walking together is one way to  prompt a pleasant, natural conversation. Walking, especially in a natural setting, can also help both of you relieve stress.Dont place blame. It only creates defensiveness. Use I statements. Instead of, You should, begin your statement with, I need, I want, I feel. Focus on the behavior you would like to see changed and how it makes you feel. You are allowed to complain to your spouse.  Just do so effectively to minimize the likelihood of the conversation escalating into an argument (or shutting down completely).  Be honest with yourself.  If you make a mistake, admit it. You can even ask your partner what changes you should make as well.Its okay to set boundaries. If your spouses jerky behavior becomes abusive in any way , firmly state that this is unacceptable. Have a plan for what you will do if it doesnt stop.??   Marriage is hard. People tend to bring their best self to dating and then relax, sometimes into rude or mean behaviors, once married. But with effort, you can turn in a more positive directionâ€"together.?? The Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs

The Rise Of Labor Unions, Strikes, Protests And Uprisings...

The later half of the 19th century was characterized by the rise of labor unions, strikes, protests and uprisings. Starting in the 1960s, workers started to feel strongly the presence and pressure of instability in social mobility. â€Å"The truth could hardly be denied. Class, as defined in terms of dignity, was increasingly insecure† [Isenberg[8]] The gap between the rich and the poor became wider and the working class erroneously placed in-between began to question their identity and in the process seek to define and defend this new identity Capitalist America was witnessing a boom in production as industrialism became more and more prominent. The gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen and eventually would evolve to create a new class. The Marxism theory identified the rise of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; the bourgeoisie consisted of those who owned capital and supplied the means of production while the proletariat were the laborers who owned only thei r labor and offered it up to the bourgeoisie in return for wages. According to the Marxism theory, the definition of the working class was simply made up of people who simply offered up work. The inclusion of the Marxism theory above serves to clearly and simply define who the stakeholders were in the Industrial labor system. At the extreme ends of the labor spectrum, both the elites who owned the means of production and the laborers who owned only their labor will offer the lens from which we will viewShow MoreRelatedLabor Movements Of South Africa1275 Words   |  6 PagesIn the years following the First World War, South Africa became part of a major labor movement that involved many workers of mines, textile industries, agriculture and other major businesses that made up the economy. Labor movements played a big role in the South African society politically and economically. The movements took a major role in creating many unions and with that many protests, boycotts, and viol ence took place in various sectors of the South African society. Workers from regions ofRead MoreOpposition to Apartheid1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Soviet Union in that all blacks and natives were to carry passbooks containing fingerprints, photos, and other forms of identification. 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In early October, OWS got a major boost when prominent labor unionsRead MoreLife in the Soviet Regime During the Cold War1837 Words   |  7 Pagesthey keep lying to us, and we keep pretending to believe them.† The novel, A Mountain of Crumbs, depicts the hopelessness, opression and deception of life behind the Iron Curtain during the 70s and 80s. Many rights of the people within the Soviet Union were violated and unacknowledged. In ages past, there were no human rights but the idea evolved after a while. It was at the end of World War II that the United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with the purpose of saving futureRead MoreEssay about Chapter 162321 Words   |  10 Pagesfail to achieve substantive change in the Gilded Age? 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The rebellion is proof that poor farmers wouldn t tolerate a government that catered only to wealthy colonists. Another reason for the uprising was that the colonist had hopes of â€Å"Levelling,† equalizing wealth.2 The governor was desperately trying to end the rebellion for two reasons. The first reason was to use the issue to develop an Indian policy that would hopefully divide the Indians

Essay on Literary Analysis of Movie - 892 Words

Literary Analysis of Movie How does it feel starting over in a completely new place? In the movie â€Å"The Karate Kid†, Daniel, the main character, and his mom moved to the California from New Jersey because of his mom’s new job offer. Daniel started going to school in California and met a girl named Ali, whom he started to like. He started going out with her. Daniel was getting beat up by some bullies; one of them was Ali’s ex-boyfriend. They knew karate very well, but Daniel did not. So Daniel decided to learn karate. Daniel and his mom were living in an apartment and one day he discovers that the handyman at his apartment, Mr.Miyagi, knows karate very well. He asked Mr.Miyagi to teach him karate, and Mr.Miyagi became his karate teacher.†¦show more content†¦Good teachers can make their students’ future better because students follow what their teachers say. 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Human Genetic Engineering Research Where to draw the line Free Essays

Abstract Human genetic engineering is the manipulation of an individual’s genotype with the goal of choosing the phenotype (Singers 1). This has already been a very controversial issue when it has been done on animals, but tampering with humans takes this issue to a whole different level. It holds the promise of curing genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and improving the immunity of people to viruses (Conner 4). We will write a custom essay sample on Human Genetic Engineering Research: Where to draw the line or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it also opens up a whole new world where the laws of nature can be broken. Parents can choose to change the gender of their baby; they can choose to change their appearance, and they can even choose to change the mental faculties of their baby like memory and intelligence (Sanded 1). This seems like something out of a science fiction movie but with our rapidly increasing technology, it is definitely more than a possibility. The genetic engineering of humans can be the greatest thing to ever happen to us, however, such power can lead to corruption and cause us to regress as beings. Are we trying to make the world a better place for each other or are we Just making the world more superficial or should I say artificial? That’s the main question that is asked as the intriguing issue of human genetic engineering is further evaluated. Human Genetic Engineering: Where to Draw the Line Perfection is something that human beings really haven’t been able to relate to very well, but thanks to our rapidly advancing technology, that could all change. Human genetic engineering may be the breakthrough we need to tear down the walls that keep us from being perfect. However, there are many questions that need to be answered and things that need to be considered before we attempt to break through the walls. For instance, what if those walls are there for a reason? What if those walls aren’t supposed to be torn down? Maybe they are there to protect us from perfection or perhaps protect perfection from us. A disease-free world sounds good to everyone but what about a world where parents can actually design their own child? What if not only the sex of the baby could be chosen by parents but also the hair color, eye color, intelligence, and even their talents (Sanded 1)? This is the path that human genetic engineering is leading us to; however, our main concern should be where that path will end. Human genetic engineering should be used only to cure diseases or other disabilities and not to the extent where we start treating human life like a computer game. We all should strive to be perfect but we should also have a certain level of respect for life and the lessons it teaches us. Otherwise our quest for perfection will only lead us into destruction. Jacqueline Vaughn Sister’s article Assistance and Treatment is about the struggle disabled people go through to fit into society. They are stereotyped as pitiful and pathetic and they are often discriminated against (Sweeter 3). There seems to be a prevailing belief in our society where people who are â€Å"in need of charity are thought to be incapable of living the same life as others† (Sweeter 3). Because of these beliefs and stereotypes, the progress to fully include the handicapped in American life made even more difficult (Sweeter 3). The disabled are a minority group and they have fought hard to be recognized as one, however, there’s no doubt that if every handicap had a choice they would choose not to be handicapped whether they were being treated equally or not. No one would miss being blind or being deaf. That’s why Sweeter, who is raising awareness for the discrimination of handicapped, would agree with the argument that the use of genetic engineering should be limited to curing diseases and disabilities. The cruelty shown towards the handicapped is the exact reason why we shouldn’t allow parents to design their children. It will Just leave us with more inequality because our human nature tends not to show humility and respect for those who are less advantaged than us. Jack Donnelley article The Concept of Human Rights explains how humans can have rights naturally. Human rights are supposed to be equal rights (Donnelly 2). Therefore every human being has the same rights (Donnelly 2), but how does this work when relating to children. On one episode of the Steve Wilkes show, there was a transgender man who was upset about being born a woman because his parents decided to go through with a gender selection operation despite being told that he would have more male hormones than female hormones. So this man felt that his rights were violated even though he was still unborn and he’s right. You can’t force any human to go through a completely unnecessary procedure, so why would the rules change if they’re your own kid? Are kids not human too? Parents are supposed to make decisions for the better of their children but this was Just an act of selfishness. Donnelly would agree with the argument that genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed to the extent that parents can design their own kids for that very reason. It’s unethical, irresponsible, and potentially harmful to the child. Melvin Sooner’s article Genetic Enhancement Should Be Left to Personal Choice is about why human genetic engineering should be a personal choice like getting breast implants or taking steroids (Conner 3). He argues that â€Å"there’s no intrinsic preference between inserting genes and inserting steroids† (Conner 2). People are always finding ways to enhance life and this is Just another way to do it. He does agree, however, that â€Å"the weightiest moral problem in the quest for perfection is that, it increases inequality’ but that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t complete the quest (Conner 7). Antibiotics at one point were being used irresponsibly, but â€Å"the ethical path is not to stop using them but to use them more Judiciously’ (Conner 7). Conner would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed to the extent that parents can design their babies because he takes a very liberal approach on this issue. The problem with his argument is that he fails to understand that the quest for perfection involves eliminating inequality, not increasing it. If we are increasing inequality, all we’re doing is backtracking on the progress we’ve made as human beings and that’s not what we want. Michael Sandal’s article Genetically Designing Babies is Unethical explains why human genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed at all. He argues that â€Å"changing our nature to fit the world rather than the other way around is an ethical defeat† and an attack on our freedom (Sanded 6). He looks back at the dark history of eugenics and how it was the driving force behind the Nazi holocaust (Sanded 1). It was done to eliminate all of whom the Nazis considered as undesirables. Sanded argues that in the same way, â€Å"the successful would be even more likely than they are now to see themselves as self-made and self-sufficient, and those at the bottom of society would be seen not as disadvantaged, but simply as unfit† (Sanded 6). Sanded would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering should be allowed to a certain extent because he is against the whole idea of genetic engineering. What he fails to realize in his argument is that as human beings, we have an obligation to improve our lives. If we can have a cure for the flu or for bronchitis, why not have a cure for blindness, ATA Cash disease, or any other sickness or disability that doctors can do nothing about? Human genetic engineering should only be allowed for use in the medical field to cure diseases and disabilities and not to the point where human life becomes a game. Genetic engineering is a scientific concern, but without boundaries t becomes a moral concern. Life is the most sacred thing anyone can have and it needs to be approached with caution and respect. It is also a great teacher and one of the main lessons it tries to teach us is humility. Humility involves accepting others for who they are and plays a key role when it comes to our relationships. When you think about what really matters in life, family and relationships with others tend to come up first which is really no coincidence. The purpose of life seems to be to lift up those around us and genetically designing babies will do the exact opposite of that. Parents who would choose to do this are doing it for cynical and selfish purposes. They are taking the child’s freedom away so they can satisfy their own desires and out of those desires will come corruption. That’s why a line needs to be drawn about to what extent human genetic engineering can be used. With great power comes great responsibility, so this is something we really can’t afford to play around with. If genetic engineering to cure diseases becomes almost accessible as the flu shot, we will be that much closer on our quest to perfection. One day we will get through that all, but it’s going to take one brick at a time. How to cite Human Genetic Engineering Research: Where to draw the line, Papers

The Forever Changing Economy Essay Example For Students

The Forever Changing Economy Essay The Forever Changing EconomyHow easy is it for smaller business men to achieve the Aamerican dream. How to stop corporate domination. The question I pose to you is Is theAmerican Dream still achievable? The opportunity is there but for what selectfew is the opportunity available to. If the resources are out there but I canttap into the resources they rae of no use to me. (Make note of the fact that welive in a market economy. Just about every definition of the market in the dictionary connotesan oppurtunity as a place where goods are bought and sold.(cite dict.) As anabstraction, a market is the possibility of sale. Goods find a market, and wesay there is is a market for a service or commodity when there is a demand forit, which means it can and will be sold. Markets are opened to those who wantto sell and a convenience for those looking to purchase.(cite 2) The marketrepresents conditions as regards, opportunity for, buying and selling.(cite 2)The market implies offering and choice. The way a market economy works is thatthere are market pressures that develop for different commodities. Thepressures work in one direction for a while, but at the same time pressures arebudding that work in the opposite direction. As people look forward and seetheres going to be some profit made from their production, theyll makedecisions to increase volume, usually hiring more people, buying more materials,often bidding up their prices. When people are competing in the same market,that tends to generate more and more pressure in the direction of expansion. We will write a custom essay on The Forever Changing Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But at the same time, as costs and possibly interest rates rise, pressures beginto operate in the other direction, against profits.(cite 1) The public as awhole must get their fair share of the benefits. Macroeconomic reforms shouldtranslate into a more efficient delivery of public services, equity, socialwelfare and social security.(cite 3)The Economic Policy Institute (EPI) has released its findings onAmerican living standards. The report, issued every other year on a declinethat begsn in the late-1970s. The EPIs report also contends that theAmericans are working more for less money because of slow growth in wages since1989. According to the report, wages in the bottom 80% of men have declinedsince 1989. The report also contends that 20% of women have experienced adecline in trsl esgrd dincr the 1980s, a period in which wages fell but familyincome increased because of longer hours at work and increased participation ofwomen in the workforce. Critics assert that the report wrongly f ocuses ondeclining wages as a gauge to the income of the American family. Such criticsfind spending a more appropriate means by which to measure income.(cite 4) Oneproposal would birng back the 10% income deduction for second earners that waseliminated in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.(cite 5) Under that rule, a couplewith two earners can deduct from taxable income 10 percent of the earnings ofthe spouse with the lower earnings(generally, the wife) up to 30,000 ofearnings.(cite 5) Since almost all married working women earn less than 30,000,this is equivalent to a 10 percent reduction in the wifes marginal taxrate.(cite 5) To get a sense of how substansial this offset would be, considera typical middle-class two earner couple. The husband earns 45,000 per year,and the wife earns $15,000 per year by working 1,000 hours at $15 per hour. They pay tax at a marginal income tax rate of 28 percent plus a payroll tax of7.65 percent.(cite 5) They also pay at a typical state income tax rate of 5percent.(cite 5) As a result, the wifes $15 per hour wage produces only a netof $8.90 per hour.(cite 5) If she didnt change her work, the deduction wouldreduce her taxable earnings from $15,000 to $13,500.(cite 5) With a marginalincome tac rate of 28 percent, that would cut her tax payments by 420 peryear.(cite 5) Thats how the current method of revenue estimation wouldevaluate the revenue effect of the deduction, a $420 revenue loss. But the 10percent cut in her effective marginal income tax rate (which would result fromdeducting 10 percent of her earnings from taxable income) would raise her nethourly take-home by a little less than 5 percent, from $8.90 per hour to $9.32per hour.(cite 5) Statistical studies of the

Word Choice Your vs. Youre - Writing Tips with Proofed

Word Choice Your vs. Youre - Writing Tips with Proofed Word Choice: Your vs. Youre The words â€Å"your† and â€Å"you’re† are so commonly confused (especially online) that it has inspired memes. And in the face of memes, it would be easy to give up, leave social media behind, and accept that good spelling and grammar have no place in our crazy, modern world. But no! We are proofreaders. Correcting spelling and grammar is what we do! So even if we are destined to drown under wave after wave of typos, we will stand, like Cnut, and resist the tide. People need to respect grammar, Derek. I dont care if my feet get wet. All of which is an overly dramatic way of saying that, today, we’re looking at â€Å"your† and â€Å"you’re.† Your (Possessive Pronoun) â€Å"Your† is a second-person possessive adjective. We use it when something belongs to a â€Å"you†: Your dog is chewing my boot. Here, â€Å"Your† shows that the dog belongs to the person we’re speaking to. Other possessive adjectives include â€Å"my,† â€Å"our,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"her,† and â€Å"their.† She got frustrated when they didnt fit her.(Photo: gomagoti/flickr) You’re (Short for â€Å"You Are†) The term â€Å"you’re† is actually a contraction of two words: â€Å"you† and â€Å"are.† It would be used in a sentence as follows: You’re wearing tasty boots. = You are wearing tasty boots. The apostrophe in this term shows us there are letters missing. Keep in mind that contractions should not be used in formal writing (e.g., a college paper). To ensure a formal tone, write â€Å"you are† instead. Your or You’re Despite looking similar on paper, these terms have very different uses. On the plus side, this makes it easier to tell the difference. If you’re not sure which term to use in a sentence, though, see how it sounds with â€Å"you are† in it. We can illustrate this with the example used for â€Å"your† above: You are dog is chewing my boot. This is very obviously wrong, so we know it should be â€Å"your† instead. Remember: Your = A second-person possessive adjective You’re = Short for â€Å"you are†

French Pronunciation of the Double L

French Pronunciation of the Double L In French, the double L is sometimes pronounced like an L  and other times like a Y. How do you know when to pronounce it each way? This lesson explains the general rules and the inevitable exceptions. Rules for Pronouncing LL As a general rule, the double L after A, E, O, U, and Y is pronounced like an L: une balle, elle, mollement, une idylle, etc. If there are exceptions to this, Ive never found them. In words with I followed by LL, the rules are a bit more complicated. The double L is always pronounced like a Y in letter combinations with vowel ILL: aill (e.g., taille)eill (oreille)euill (feuille)Å“ill (Å“illet)ouill (grenouille)ueill (cueillir)uill (juillet) And LL is pronounced like a Y in words such as fille, la Bastille, Millau, and chantilly. However, there  are also many words in which the double L is pronounced like an L (follow links to hear the words pronounced). This is the complete list: un bacille  - germ, bacillusbillevesà ©es - nonsenseun billion - trillioncapillaire - capillaryun codicille - codicildistiller - to distillune fibrille - small fiber (fibrillaire, fibrillation)*un krill - krillLille - town in northern Francelilliputien - Liliputianmille - thousand (un millà ©nium, millier, etc.)un mille - mile (le millage)milli- (prefix)un milliard - billion (un milliardaire, le milliardià ¨me, etc.)un million - million (un millionaire, le millionià ¨me, etc.)osciller - to oscillate, swingun/e pupille* - ward of the stateune pupille* - pupilune scille - scillaune spongille - spongillatranquille - calm, tranquilun verticille - verticilun vexille - vexillumune ville - town (une villa, un village, etc.)une zorille - zorilla The (parentheses) indicate derivations which are also pronounced like an L. *These words may be pronounced either way.

Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market Dissertation

Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market - Dissertation Example The author of the dissertation "Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market" begins with the introduction where shows her concern that Individual investors, business establishments and portfolio managers are all exposed to price risks, which they counter or minimize by hedging in the futures market. Though not meant for making money, hedging has proved to be a good option for reducing price risks consequently minimizing losses. Besides guarding against price risks, hedging, when executed prudently, can bring in multiple benefits like stabilizing market volatility, absorbing unexpected market pressures and even providing competitive edge during depressed market conditions and when price wars intensify. The futures market acts as the platform, which the investors use for minimizing risks and following exponential growth in hedging, the futures markets have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, hedging is not so simple as it appears and there are no sure sh ot formulas to always win at it either. Today, hedging can make or break an organization or an individual investor and as such adequate knowledge of the roles and technicalities of hedging in the futures market is of paramount importance. As a result of globalization today’s enterprises are increasingly facing various risks over time like risks in prices and productions. These risks not only affect the enterprises but also extend to the individual investors and portfolio managers who put money in the stocks of the companies (5).

Ecommerce and Best Practices in CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ecommerce and Best Practices in CRM - Essay Example In addition, by changing paper-based or manual business processes with electronic methods, and by utilizing information flows in contemporary and active manners, e-commerce can improve order processing, delivery, and payment for services, products, and goods as well as minimize corporations’ inventory and operating expenses (Laudon and Laudon 25). This paper presents a detailed analysis of the e-commerce activities specially customer relationship management (CRM). The basic aim of this research is to analyze best practices in customer relationship management. The internet has become a common medium (or source) for electronic commerce (e-commerce), since it is creating up to date methods for organizations to collaborate with their stakeholders and customers. In simple words, e-commerce means carrying out business activities/operations on internet (Norton, 2001, p. 371) and (Worthington, 2003). Amazon.com is one of the most well-known examples of e-commerce. It uses e-commerce to run its business. When someone gives or submits an order at Amazon.com or even just views the web site, Amazon.com is able to scratch various online and e-mail advertisements to user’s interest. Another benefit of e-commerce that Amazon.com uses is the capability to communicate and collaborate with stakeholders and partners (Ray, 2004). This business has created a very useful web site that helps customers buy and ship chocolates. Kim Land, who is director of Godiva Direct says, â€Å"in the beginning this system was launched to make money.† And in two years, online sales have reached to more than 70 percent. This corporation successfully implemented the internet to alert the public to the exercise of catching sharks, taking away their fins for soup, and returning them to the ocean to die. In addition, the implementation of web site also helped people

Broken Chain :: essays research papers

In the movie, "Broken Chain", we can easily define the two sides, which are opposing each other; one is the six nations and the second is the British Empire. But actually, there is the third perspective in the scene, which I will go over later. There are two main characters in the six nations, one is Joseph Brant and another is Mohahehu. Although Joseph and Mohahehu are best friends, they have different points of view towards the intents of the British Empire. Joseph, who is a double agent and put his own interest the first place in the beginning, tries to establish himself to be an Indian hero and become the chief and the first Indian commander in a western army in the history, but his ambition ultimately put him into the trap set up by the British. Mohahehu, who is succeeded to become the new chief of the six nations, feeling that something has been wrong from the beginning of helping the British to fight against Indians in Delaware. On the other side, there is Sir Willia m Johnson. He is a man that will do anything to satisfy his interest and at the same time accomplishes the British king’s plans. As we can see, he even married an Indian woman because of the convenience to form a tie with the six nations. As the movie goes along, there are intensions between the Indians and the British constantly. The British always demand the Indians to give help on their problems, but never keep on their promises, such as new settlers were looting Indians’ land throughout the time even when the "chain" was still existed. This fragment in the history, once again supported the basic of the human nature, "Men are born evil". At that time, the Europeans were the strongest people on the earth, in terms of firearms and navigation technologies. The Europeans’ intentions are obvious, that is to expand and take other people’s land and resources (example: slaves, land and ore mines).

Human growth and development-Conception to Birth Essay

Conception This is the very first stage of the making of a human baby which is known as conception. This is when the sex cell or (gamete) from the males sperm and a gamete from the woman’s ovum or egg cell join to form the embryo.Conception can only occur during ovulation, which happens about the middle of the month between menstrual periods. The human baby’s life begins as a single cell which is formed when the sperm and egg cell join and the egg becomes fertilised, creating life. The fertilised egg (zygote) divides into two and continues to do so rapidly, at this stage some cells form the embryo and some of the placenta. These cells now resemble a mulberry, are called morulla and take about 4 days to travel along the fallopian tube and into the uterus. This point it is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst now gets attached to the uterus wall by tiny projections called villi. Once it attached to the uterus it connects to the blood stream, so it is able to absorb oxygen and essential nutrients for fast growth. Around 10 to 14 days after conception the baby is called an embryo. After conception and the embryo is formed development of it begins into a full term foetus. The 3 stages of development are known as trimesters. First trimester ‘Week 3(embryonic stage) – first period missed. Foundation of the brain and nervous system is laid down Amnion sac is formed around the embryo, which floats in a liquid (the amniotic fluid). The placenta is formed, which lies against the uterus wall and acts as the liver, lungs and kidneys for the embryo and the foetus. The placenta is connected to the embryo’s circulatory system by the umbilical cord. Nutrients pass through to the embryo and digestive waste products and CO2 pass from the baby to the mother.’(Btec national early years, Penny tassoni) Week 4 – the neural tube closes( if this does not close spina bifida occurs)The embryo is around 6.4mm in length Week 5 – the baby’s heart be can be detected and the embryo is now the same size as a small seed. Week 8 – the embryo is about 8mm long, and has developed the startle reflex. The formation of the eyes, ears, organs and limb buds is at a rudimentary stage. Foetal stage (week 12) – the baby is now called a foetus and all its body parts have grown they just need to be refined. The foetus can swallow, roll, somersault and has also developed the sucking reflex. The foetus organs are functioning it measures about 7.5cm and has downy hair and fingernails. Second trimester Week 15 – the foetus hears its first sounds Week 16- the genitals of the foetus have formed. From this stage the sex of the baby can be determined all though difficult. A greasy wax substance covers the baby’s skin, this is called vernix. Week 20- the baby weighs around 460g and babies born at this stage have a very low chance of survival. Week 22- baby can dream and feel emotions. It develops reflex to root and grasp, their bones harden and their body grows. Week 24- if born at this stage has a reasonable chance of survival with intensive care as lungs are not yet fully developed. The eyes open for the first time. Week 27- is very active e.g. kicking and moving around, and weighs around 500g and is 33cms long. Third trimester Weeks 28-32- the foetus rapidly grows to about 1700g and is about 35cm long. Developing brain able to process information more and respond to it, like recognising voices especially the mothers. Starts to develop waking and sleeping rhythm. Weeks 33-36 – foetus continues to grow and gains bout 280g a week! Brain develops rapidly and head grows more to allow this. Fine hair covering body disappears. The foetus can now swallow, make breathing movements and urinate. Glycogen forms in liver for energy during birth and soon afterwards. Also the head engages in the pelvis for 1st pregnancies otherwise may not be until labour. Weeks 37-40- amount of amniotic fluid reduces and foetus grows to fill amniotic sac. Foetus is about 3kg and its head is lying down. Birth may take place between weeks 38 and 42. Now that the baby is born, some dramatic changes will take place in all areas of their growth and development, during its first year of life. Below is a month by month guide to how babies grow and develop up until the age of 1 year. 0-1 months- babies express emotion mainly by crying, grimacing, or displaying a bright and alert face. Babies are very open to learning at around 3 to 6 weeks they develop different crying sounds for different needs e.g. hunger. Babies have reflexes which help them to survive and as they start to fade their movements become more deliberate and controlled. E.g. the walking reflex disappears after the first few weeks and they learn to walk at around 12 months. It is important to interact with babies as they gain a lot from it, especially with their family or carers. 1 month- most babies lift their heads, respond to sounds, and stare at faces. Some babies may also be able to; follow objects, ohh and ahh, and can see black and white patterns. Their arms are very active and constantly moving although they do not have much control over them. At this age babies start to recognise their carers face and voice and they become settled if they hear, smell, feel or see their parent or carer. Between now and 2 months of age babies communicate by cooing and use of gestures, this shows their skill to â€Å"take turns† in conversation. 2 months – at this age babies are on their way to realising that they and their carer are separate beings. Babies can hold up head for short periods and they will also follow objects. Babies show a variety of emotions (e.g. hunger) via their facial expressions, arm, leg and finger movements. 3 months- Babies can hold their head up and may roll over when placed on tummy and they will also begin to wave and kick their arms as their muscles are strengthening. Babies will watch their own hands, will press them together and clasp hands together in finger play. They begin to eat and sleep more regularly, respond to voices, smile at faces become more alert and look around for longer, cry and vocalize more. 4 months- at this age babies can hold their head up and put weight on their legs as muscles strengthen. Around now babies develop vowel sounds and then their first consonants sounds are heard, which are learnt through self exploration (this is also know as babbling and usually occurs when babies are alone). Babies at 4 months begin to develop their self image which helps them over the coming months discover the kind of person they are as well as what they can do. 5 months- babies can distinguish between bold colours, roll over, and amuse themselves by playing with hands and feet. They enjoy listening to music, looking at speaker’s lips and mouth to show that they enjoy listening to speech. Babies will show a clear preference for a loved one. Their primitive squeeze appears but their hand movement is uncontrolled therefore finds it difficult to let go of objects. Also they enjoy practising dropping and throwing e.g. toys. 6 months- up until now babies gain an average of 0.5oz (14.2g) to 1oz (28.4g) every day! The babies coo and smiling now proceeds to babbling and chuckling. Between now and 10 months babies will babble (add on consonants and make strings of sound e.g. dah dah dah). Babies’ opportunity to play increases, especially when encouraged by an interested adult. Encouragement to interact and play promotes positive self image. By now most babies have learned all the basic and distinct sounds of their native language. Babies of this age will also: reach out for things and grasp them, sleep in a favourite position, get their first teeth, laugh and squeal, shows pleasure and displeasure through sounds, looks carefully at things they see, recognises carer best may be afraid of others. 7 months- they can sit without support, reach for objects with a sweeping motion and imitate speech sounds. Babies of this age are aware of their emotions or feelings and start to realise that others have emotional responses linked to their interactions; they also begin to develop their understanding that they exist separate to others. 8 months- babies of this age can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to both parents (they aren’t specific), begin to crawl and pass objects from hand to hand. Words begin to have some meaning and they form a clear image that those around them are important. 9 months- babies learn hand eye co-ordination to pick up small objects. They handle objects with enthusiasm e.g. passing from one hand to the other. Develops early pincer grip. Babies of this age should be able to combine syllables into word like sounds, stand while holding onto something, sit unsupported for up to a minute, imitate sounds, watch others, feed self, hold bottle, be shy with strangers, smile at own face, and respond to own name. Babies communication becomes increasingly intentional, they may show object as a way to communicate which paves the way for pointing. They begin to understand familiar names of people and objects, and babbling is in longer strings (â€Å"bababa mamama†) 10 months- babies begin to respond to simple commands such as â€Å"up you come†. They are able to wave goodbye, pick things up with developed pincer grasp, crawl well, and cruise. Babies of this age can tell the difference between their own regional accent and foreign ones, and understands her name. 11 months- can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to the right parent (is specific), plays patty-cake, stands alone for a couple of seconds, can climb upstairs, can scribble with crayons. At this age babies will begin to speak in â€Å"gibberish† while making a few clear sounds. It is at this age that social skills advance. Imitation also starts, where they love to copy but they learn through doing so. 12 months- at this age babies become more capable of doing things themselves, being independent and more open to things around them. They pick up small objects e.g. crumbs with a confident pincer grip; they use both hands freely but may show preference for one. Children are now aware of themselves as people in their own right. Sometimes this is shown in negative ways of strong will e.g. throwing a tantrum to get required attention. Their first words are linked to familiar things e.g. ‘daddy’, ‘car’. Babies will begin to imitate others activities, jabber word like sounds, indicate wants with gestures. The birth weight will have tripled by this age, and most will have grown a total of around 10 inches in length since birth. Most babies are able to: sit steady for 10 minutes, pull self to a standing position, crawl on hands and knees, understand â€Å"no no†, says two words, become more confident with strangers, show emotions e.g. affection, likes to be with adults, cooperates in dressing, and turns pages in books. First single words are spoken in a child’s version e.g. â€Å"du† for duck. Will understand names of people and objects in a normal context. Will begin to shake head for â€Å"no† and try to â€Å"sing† to music.

Italian Word of the Day Nonna

Our Italian word of the day is nonna, or la nonna, which, as many of you know, means grandmother. When you are addressing your grandmother, in Italian the word is not abbreviated or made into a nickname as it often is in English—grandma or granny or nana. In Italian nonna is nonna, and that suffices. Va bene cosà ¬. La Nonnas Big in Italy If you think of an Italian nonna as youve seen in movies or perhaps in Italian families themselves—and more so if you are Italian-American and you know from personal experience—what image comes to mind? Generations of recipes passed down through family members and deliciously prepared for Sunday dinners or pranzi. Nonna sitting outside talking with her friends. Countless stories about the way things used to be. Old proverbs, sayings, recipes—things otherwise forgotten. And of course, Italian children screaming for their nonna at the top of their lungs. Indeed, la nonna plays an essential role in the Italian family structure, often looked to—particularly the maternal grandmother, or nonna materna—for helping raise children and bringing the family together. She is viewed as a bit of a rock—una roccia—and yet the person you run to to dry your tears. La nonna stands for authenticity, trustworthiness, and of course, endless amore and bontà  Ã¢â‚¬â€love and good. Because of that, traditional lore (and now the internet) is full of ricette della nonna (nonnas recipes), rimedi della nonna (nonnas remedies), and even proverbi della nonna (nonnas proverbs). And if you have not had one, the next time you go to Italy you must have some torta della Nonna, a delicacy with pastry cream and pine nuts. Talking About Our Nonna Mia nonna materna viene da Palermo e mia nonna paterna da Genova. My maternal grandmother comes from Palermo and my paternal grandmother comes from GenovaMia nonna à ¨ nata nel 1925. My grandmother was born in 1925.Mia nonna mi ha regalato questo libro. My grandma gifted me this book.Tua nonna à ¨ una brava cuoca. Your grandmother is a great cook.Nostra nonna abita a Bergamo. Our grandma lives in Bergamo.Tua nonna come si chiama? Whats your grandmas name?Mia nonna si chiama Adalgisa. My grandmas name is Adalgisa.Questa à ¨ la casa dov’à ¨ nata mia nonna. This is the house where my grandmother was born.Ho ricordi bellissimi con mia nonna.  I have beautiful memories with my grandmother.Questa sera arriva mia nonna. My grandmother arrives this evening.Io sono cresciuta nella casa di mia nonna. I grew up in my grandmothers house.Noi siamo stati allevati da nostra nonna. We were brought up by our grandmother.Le nonne sono molto importanti nella famiglia italiana. Grandmothers are very important in the Italian family.Nonna! Dove sei? Grandma! Where are you?Mia nonna à ¨ morta lanno scorso. Mi manca molto. My grandmother died last year. I miss her a lot. No Article for Your Own Grandmother This is a good place to remind you—as you can see from most of the sentences above—that you do not need an article in front of your possessive adjective in front of your nonna: mia nonna or tua nonna, or any other direct family member in the singular (mia madre, mio padre, mio zio, tua sorella). You can click here to review your possessive adjectives. If you are asking where grandma is, you say, dovà ¨ la nonna, or if you are referencing someone elses nonna in third person, you say, la nonna di Marco. If you are talking about grandmothers in the plural, its le nonne; le mie nonne—my grandmothers.   Le mie nonne sono molto gentili. My grandmothers are very kind.Le mie nonne non vanno daccordo. My grandmothers do not get along. If you want to say grandparents the word is i nonni. For more family-related vocabulary, read How to Talk About Family in Italian.   Did You Know? La Festa dei Nonni or Grandparents Day, is celebrated on October 2, the day the Catholic church celebrates Angels Day. Although it’s not as well known as Ognissanti or L’Epifania, the holiday does have its own flower symbol (the nontiscordardimà ©, or forget-me-not) and its own song (Ninna Nonna). The purpose of the holiday is to recognize the role of grandparents in our lives (il ruolo dei nonni nella nostra vita) and to encourage the creation of initiatives to support i nonni dItalia! Popular Proverb About la Nonna Quando niente va bene, chiama la Nonna. When nothing is going well, call grandma. Un saluto alla vostra nonna!!

Personal Narrative Freedom Day - 1835 Words

The blinding light of the new day woke me up through the same window as it had for the past three months. The same room, the same bed and the same house I have been waking up to for so long waited for me to rise for the day ahead. Everyone around knew what was happening. It had been long anticipated by everyone in the facility. It is known around here as â€Å"Freedom Day†. No longer will I be trapped and helpless or be told what my every action will be (well at least not by anyone here). I am crossing through those gates, which have contained me for ninety days. I am still in shock from relief and happiness from what is happening. I am finally going to be able to eat food I actually like and use the gift of technology I so dearly missed. I†¦show more content†¦My mom was also sitting quietly as she drove. I there was a silent conversation going on between us. A conversation that communicated to us that things were going to be rough for a while well I’m away. It was painful to see the grief on my mother s face, but we knew it was for the best. That was the first day I started to feel something again in a long time. Jumping back to the present, I hopped out of bed and dressed quickly. I cannot wait to get out of here so I m starting the day as soon as possible. As I opened my bedroom door my friends ran over and gave me lots of hugs. It only lasted a minute though for the house manager once again for the billionth time reminded us to not physically touch each other. I never liked the staff here, if I’m being honest. They were one of the many things I will never miss about Sov (this is the nickname we have for the facility). They were the babysitters of the houses. Barking orders around as if we are mindless drones to obey their control. I guess you could say I am a rogue drone though. I never take crap from them. If they thought they were better than us or that they were in charge I would make sure to show I wasn’t taking any of their shit. The clients here I will miss though. The kids here are your family while you stay here. Yes, we fight, but if one of us are in need everyo ne helps out. Sometimes there are girls who not everyone likes or nobodyShow MoreRelatedCaptivity Narrative Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesCaptive for 56 days. In one of the songs he produced, he told his tale of captivity and how it felt to be amongst a culture that is completely different from your own. He states in the song that he felt as if he were an alien among the people of Dubai. This is an example of a captivity narrative. Captivity narratives are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. A few other examples of captivity narratives include, TwelveRead MoreThe Story Of American Slavery1595 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people had to endure have been written over the years. In this book, David Blight tells the story about two men, John M. Washington (1838-1918) and Wallace Turnage (1846-1916) and their escape from slavery during the Civil War. Their escape to freedom occurred during the chaos of this nation’s most bloody war and amidst a political and cultural conflict, which had been ripping the country apart for many decades. Throughout the Civil War, in thousands of different circumstances, under changingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Douglass s The Great Gatsby 1208 Words   |  5 PagesDouglass wants his audience, the American public, to know that he earned his freedom. Freedom is something that each of us must look for in order to be truly â€Å"free.† Through the personal experiences of his own life as a slave and his perseverance to become educated, Douglass shows us that it requires persistence and bravery to look for freedom. He also illustrates to the audience that there is no real end in this search for freedom until slavery is fully abolished. Purpose: Douglass wrote this book whenRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An American Slave873 Words   |  4 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An American Slave, is a save narrative written by Fredrick Douglass himself. The narrative comprises of eleven chapters that give an account of Douglass’ life as a slave, and his quest to get education and become free from the slavery institution. In this narrative, Douglass struggles to free himself from the mentally, physically, and emotional torture of slavery, and the slavery itself. Douglass was taken away from his parents at a tender age andRead MoreThe Modern Age Presents Multiple Channels For Action, Dialogue And Discussion1618 Words   |  7 Pagesdauntingly complex process weaved with intrinsically personal reflections, which, leads us to the fundamental paradox of memory. Memory is crucial to the public realm, but it originates within. Furthermore, the modern age multiplies spaces of remembrance presenting an unfettered opportunity to improve the frailty of human affairs. Yet, the contestation of memories such as tho se in war have often been internalised, and thus refuted on a deeply personal level – to challenge mourning is viewed as perverseRead MoreIncidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Analysis1335 Words   |  6 PagesIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, a slave narrative written by Harriet Ann Jacobs is highly commended for the portrayal of women during the excruciating times of slavery. Disregarding that the slave narrative was initially written for the audience of Caucasian women, â€Å"†¦, as white women constituted Jacobs’s primary audience at the time she wrote her narrative† (Larson,742) the struggles of being a female slave were emphasized throughout the narrative. Harriet Ann Jacobs elaborates on slave women’sRead MoreGender Specific Slavery During The Period Of The Civil War1198 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 19th century. Being treated more as personal property as opposed to an actual human being, some slaves managed to rebel and write down their account of white slave owners’ dehumanization of black slaves. In social reformer and writer Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave he writes of rebelling against his physically abusive owners and triumphantly gaining freedom. In writer Harriet Ann Jacobs narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, JacobsRead MoreFeminism in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl1163 Words   |  5 Pagescentury. Imagine waking every morning at dawn to begin a never-ending day of cooking, cleaning, washing, and sewing. Imagine being at the beck and call of a master who not only uses you for daily chores, but also for his personal sexual pleasure. Imagine the inexhaustible fear of his next humiliating request and the deep feelings of shame and remorse for your inability to stand up against him. Imagine lying in bed at the end of the day wishing God would carry you to heaven so you would not have to wakeRead MoreNarrative To uched The Lives Of Americans1344 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the use of shrewd analyses of the psychology of slavery, his expressive assertions of self, and his remarkable command of style, Douglass’ narrative touched the lives of Americans like no other, revolutionizing slavery forever. In 1688, feelings began to take over reality when four German Quakers settling in Germantown, Pennsylvania issued the first formal protest to abolish slavery in the American colonies. These Quakers, otherwise known as â€Å"friends† and members of The Religious SocietyRead MoreThe Path to Aboliton 1312 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipation of the abolition movement. 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Washington And Permanent Representations Of The Real Players

All day and all night, they battled the emergency with each instrument available to them to keep the United States and world economies above water. Working with two U.S. presidents, and under flame from a crabby Congress and an open angered by conduct on Wall Street, the Fed—nearby associates in the Treasury Department—effectively settled a wavering monetary framework. With inventiveness and definitiveness, they kept a financial fall of incomprehensible scale and went ahead to create the strange projects that would resuscitate the U.S. economy and turn into the model for different nations. Rich with detail of the basic leadership prepare in Washington and permanent representations of the real players, The Courage to Act relates and clarifies the most exceedingly bad budgetary emergency and monetary droop in America since the Great Depression, giving an insider s record of the approach reaction (http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardsalsman/2012/03/06/five-financial-reforms -that-would-prevent-crises-and-promote-prosperity/#). The book is not without its confinements. The greater part of the educational substance was at that point open in some frame, for example, through the Fed s thorough minutes and transcripts. Keeping in mind the creator admits to a few errors around timing or discernment, he puts more vitality into safeguarding his key activities than he puts into impartially contemplating how eccentric money related arrangement may have worked better, what futureShow MoreRelatedNative American Culture Before Columbus2672 Words   |  11 Pagescities. 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Frozen Food Business in Bangladesh Free Essays

string(72) " first to harness the power of freezing foods beyond the winter months\." Abstract This paper is a review of Bangladeshi Frozen Food Business. Frozen Foods in Bangladesh encompass from fishes to ready-to-cook foods. However, fishes and shrimps are exported and generate foreign exchanges for Bangladesh, whereas, the semi-processed foods are imported and produced locally. We will write a custom essay sample on Frozen Food Business in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, it is a potential business where rural people can be benefited by investing little amount of money, and producing and meeting the emergence demand in the market. This paper additionally concerns on the constraints of business such as lack of properly trained people, stiff competition for the home made processed foods. Therefore, this paper identifies new scope for the growth and development of this segment. Since this segment has got little concerns, we hope that this paper would meet the requirements for the development of the frozen food business and aid the base for further research on this segment. Introduction Though Bangladesh is an agricultural based country, its aquaculture is developing and contributing to the export of the country. In fact, the frozen food is one of largest contributor to the foreign exchange earnings and occupies fourth position among the export items in terms of total export earnings (Bureau of Statistics, 2004). In Bangladesh, frozen food includes shrimp and fish, and shrimp contributes to the majority of earnings from the frozen food. However, in recent years, the frozen food business has become diversified, and traditional thinking about it has also changed. In Bangladesh, it has been developing based on the fishery along with processed meat and chicken. Indeed, in Bangladesh, new trend in the frozen food business is emerging in silence, which is semi or fully prepared food in retail outlets. But unfortunately, there is not much research work on this segment of frozen food business done, which is developing and growing a new innovative concept in the vacuum space of frozen food business. In fact, this development and its policy implications have received little attention in the literature on export-led industrialization in developing countries (Athukorala Sen, 1996). Therefore, for our research work, we are focusing on processed frozen food found in the retail outlets, and hope that this work would help for the further development of this segment in frozen food business in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, fishes, shrimps and prawns are exported as frozen food to various parts of the world. The frozen seafood sector is booming by exporting. Earnings from this area are increasing and have the potential to increase more. The value of these exports in 1996-97 was US$342. 26 millions (Bureau of Statistics, 1997). However, the shrimp belt of Bangladesh is always the subject of debates on law, order, safety and production process and food quality and environmental issues. As such, in 1997, the European Union (EU) imposed a ban on Bangladesh’s frozen food exports after an EU inspection team report condemned shrimp processing plants in Khulna and Chittagong for their failure to comply with EU quality control regulations (http://www. ifpri. org). However, the agenda of concern is with the semi or fully prepared frozen food that is an emerging market in Bangladesh. These food items have been commercialized recently under company labels like Bombay Sweets, Rich and Aftab. In addition, there are other concerns that supply with this type of frozen food and they are called homemade items. The range of frozen food can contain prepared or semi-prepared food like parathas, pizza, franks, samucha, chops, shami kabab, puri, nuggets, and many more exquisite delicacies. The increasing demand for these types of products has given rise to domestic production of these food items, whereas, a couple of years back everything was imported (Personal Interview, Nandon). Origin of the Study Basically frozen food can be a processed or semi-processed food that is kept in freezer to preserve it for later use. However a better explanation may include, Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions (http://www. wikipedia. com). Moreover, the condition required to keep frozen food is diifferent. Foods may be preserved for several months by freezing. Long-term freezing requires a constant temperature of -18  °C (0 degrees Fahrenheit) or less. Some freezers cannot achieve such a low temperature. The time food can be kept in the freezer is reduced considerably if the temperature in a freezer fluctuates. Fluctuations could occur by a small gap in the freezer door or adding a large amount of unfrozen food. A special kind of freezer is required to constantly cool the food and in this manner the texture of the food remains the same (http://www. wikipedia. com). Food preserved by freezing or preserved by the process of freezing, is termed as frozen food. Preserving food by freezing is a widespread method of preservation as it slows both food decays. It happens by turning water to ice, which makes it unavailable for bacterial augmentation and slows down most chemical reactions. It is not possible to grow or produce all kinds of food throughout the year or every where around the world. The need for storage and keeping food fresh for a long period of time arises to make them available in all season and everywhere. It is the blessing of science that now it is possible to keep food frozen for our betterment. Today, frozen food products are making our frantic life-styles seem a bit easier better. In fact, successfully evolving and adapting to the needs of consumers, frozen foods have been around a lot longer than we think (http://www. reference. com). History of Commercialization of Frozen Food Business The frozen food industry that we see today can be traced back to several years back to the past. Obviously, the existence of frozen food has always been on earth; in climates that were cold enough for the food to freeze. The Chinese were the first to harness the power of freezing foods beyond the winter months. You read "Frozen Food Business in Bangladesh" in category "Food" Later, the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians and Indians also discovered that (http://www. fraweb. org). Even though ice-refrigerated railroad cars allowed perishable food products to be shipped as early as the 1860s, major innovations in refrigeration engineering after World War II gave birth to the frozen food industry. Scientists also developed techniques to control the ripening of fruits, vegetables, and other perishables that further extended shelf-life. Advances in transportation came particularly fast – steamships in the mid-1800s, railroads and refrigerated trucks 19th century – and combined with falling oil prices to dramatically reduce the cost of shipping food. It now costs 70 percent less to ship cargo by sea, and 50 percent less to ship by air, than it did 20 years ago. Furthermore, invention of frozen orange juice concentration and artificial organic food items also cause the consumers located in different geographical area to enjoy seasonal fresh foods at any time season (Halweil, 2002). With the course of time, many people developed innovative techniques of food-freezing, including Enoch Piper, William Davis, and Daniel E. Somes. But, Clarence Birdseye (1886 – 1956), an American taxidermist by trade, is credited for his quick freezing method that he invented in 1924 (http://www. oc. gov) and considered the father of the frozen food industry. He invented, developed, and commercialized a method for quick-freezing food products in convenient packages and without altering the original taste (http://www. wikipedia. com). Before the quick-freezing technique came along, foods were frozen at a fairly slow rate, making the foods loose th eir taste and texture. However, Birdseye theorized that food must be frozen very quickly so that its taste and texture can be maintained. His theory covered the packaging, type of paper used, and related innovations along with the ‘freezing technique’. In fact, this quick-freezing process actually ended up creating 168 patents (http://www. loc. gov). The modern frozen food industry was born over 70 years ago, in 1930, when frozen foods were being traded commercially (http://www. nfraweb. org). Objectives of the Study This study attempts to identify the current condition of frozen food business in Bangladesh, especially the semi-processed food segment of frozen food. Therefore, our agenda focuses on the semi-processed food found in the retail outlet. Therefore, this study will identify the future perspective of the frozen food business, space of growth, employment opportunity and scope of developing frozen food business country wide to develop the market and export for foreign earnings. Significance of the Study As we have seen from the earlier segment, frozen food business has become very important for Bangladesh due to its capability of foreign earnings and employment opportunity in this sector. However, the semi-processed food segment in the frozen food has not got any attention; consequently no proper research work is available. Therefore, we hope our study would help the frozen food sector as it would reveal the future perspective of the frozen food business and develop the ideas on what the entrepreneurs and government should do for the development and expansion of this particular segment the. Methodology To prepare the report, we will go for massive research on the frozen food business throughout the semester. The study is mainly based on secondary data and documentary methods. Documents are an important source of information and such sources of data might be used in various ways for the research work. To attain the study different books, journals have been studied. Different websites and portals have been visited when required. Furthermore, we took interview of Deputy Manager at Nandan. Lastly, we have concluded the study by providing some recommendations based on our findings. Limitations of the Study Everything is its limitations as it has opportunities to develop. There still exist some limitations in our study. The limitations are we only focused on the secondary source but not able to visit any production facility. There is also time constraint as for any research work it requires more that two to three years; but within three month semester, we had to complete the study on the frozen food business. Literature Review International business is defined as ‘transactions that are devised and carried out across national borders’ and has existed since the national borders were formed and has shown growth throughout the history with greater peace and security, economic prosperity through development in transportation and communication, and technological progress, especially advent of Internet, liberalization of trade policies and reduction in ariffs, and creation of global institutes and agreements (GATT or WTO). During the last 30 years of twentieth century (1970-2000), the volume of international trade in goods and services has expanded from a level of US$200 billion to over US$6. 8 trillion – a 34- fold increase, which is faster than world output. Direct foreign investment (FDI) reached a level of US$4. 7 trillion by 2000. The sales of foreign affiliates of multinational corporations (MNCs) recorded a level twice as high as global exports. The driving force behind the growing/changing international business is the process of globalization, which has been accelerated during the last 2-3 decades (Hussain, 2002). A noteworthy recent development in world trade is the rapid expansion of processed food exports and it is the fastest growing component in food products (Athukorala Sen, 1996; Australian Food Statistics, 2001). The impetus for export expansion has come from new agro-based manufacturing activities, in particular various fish preparations and processed foods. While labor-intensive manufactures too have demonstrated impressive growth dynamism in absolute terms, this has been dwarfed by the more dramatic growth record of processed goods. There is evidence that these new product lines have many positive attributes according to which the contribution of manufactures to the objectives of industrialization is normally evaluated (Athukorala Sen, 1996). These include economy-wide linkages, important learning effects emanating from the mastery of new production technology, higher productivity, international marketing effort and entrepreneurial skills involved in export success (Meller, 1995). Based on the conventional definition, export of manufacturing (Appendix A) share in total exports of world trade merchandise increased to 81 percent in 1994 and closely associated with the rapid expansion of manufacturing exports form developing countries those shares in world manufacturing exports increased to 24 percent in 1994. On the other hand, share of processed food in world non-manufacturing (Appendix A) trade increased to 37 percent in 1994, and this share is sharper for developing countries compared to that of developed countries with increased to 38 percent compared to an increase to 36 percent recorded by developed countries in 1994. However, mong the 37 countries, some countries have performed far better than others in this area such as Bangladesh, Bolivia, Chile, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand; and among the low-income countries, Bangladesh is a notable exception, with a growth rate of processed food exports that is more than double that that of any other low income developing country (Athukorala Sen, 1996). Foreign direct investment has been increasing at a faster rate than direct exports of processed foods over the past decades. Although its impact is currently not quantified, national-level regulation is frequently cited as a potential source of non-tariff barriers to trade for food products. These barriers may be intentionally aimed at favoring domestic production, or merely be the innocent by-products of a country’s attempt to serve its consumers by assuring various food quality attributes. FDI allows food processors to avoid rules intended to disadvantage imported products by setting production within particular markets. It may also allow more precise and rapid adaptation to domestic quality regulations (Hooker Caswell, 1996). A priori reasoning and some scattered evidence suggest a number of factors, which results in growing share of processed food in the world trade. A widely observed feature of consumer behavior in the global economy has been an increasing `internationalization of food habits’ – the increased importance of processed items in food consumption patterns in developed countries as well as in large sections of the populace in many developing countries. Factors such as international migration, the communications revolution and international tourism have contributed to this phenomenon. This may have provided a significant demand-side impetus to the growth of processed food exports from developing countries. On the supply-side, improvements in food technology, refrigeration facilities and transportation have made processed food items easily tradable across national boundaries (Athukorala Sen, 1996). Furthermore, strategic choice of FDI or export the processed food in the international market is also influenced by national-level regulation on the ood quality standard. FDI allows food processors, by setting production within a market, to avoid rules intended to disadvantage imported products and to adapt rapidly to domestic quality regulations through greater flexibility, better designed plants, shorter shipping distance, less need for preservatives, packaging or refrigeration, superior understanding of the rules or better appreciation of local demands for goods with differing attributes to direct food quality benefits to both firms and consumers (Hooker Caswell, 1996). The emphasis on manufactured exports expansion in developing countries is rooted in the belief that compared to primary commodities, manufactured goods have some intrinsic characteristics, which contribute to superior growth performance. As such employment potential, terms of trade gains, knowledge and technology spill-over are among the most emphasized of these characteristics (Athukorala Sen, 1996). However, in general, the employment potential of resource-based manufacturing, based on standard trade theory (Heckscher-Ohlin model), is that an abundant supply of labor is not a key determinant of comparative advantage in international production (Findlay, 1985; Roemer, 1979). The Heckscher-Ohlin model (1933) was first conceived by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. The Heckscher-Ohlin model is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade. It builds on David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of trade and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant factor(s) of production and import products that utilize the countries’ scarce factor(s). However, this generalization in processed food is debatable as there is no clear relationship between income levels and processed food export growth. Furthermore, unlike in the case of further processing of resources such as minerals and timber, final stages of food processing appear to be labor-intensive. Besides, terms of trade gains from export diversification depends on the degree of income and price elasticity of demand for the commodities concerned, and processed food exports are superior to primary products in terms of these criteria. Furthermore, processed food would be even superior to conventional manufactured goods, hich are by their very nature, are highly import-dependent. On the other hand, processed food industries have large domestic resource content and tend to be closely related to activities in the rural sector (Athukorala Sen, 1996). It is very likely that recent trade agreements and developments will significantly influence national-level regulation of food quality. NAFTA, GATT and WTO are the first attempt to specifically address food quality standards as potential barriers to trade. National-level quality regulation takes on many dimensions or regimes because product quality itself is multidimensional. Trade theory provides a foundation for analyzing the impact of food quality regulation on FDI and trade. In its basic form, economic theory suggests that gains from trade arise when countries specialize in production of those goods to which they are best suited, thereby earning export income that allows for increased consumption. Trade theory’s recent focus on analyzing rent seeking and rent shifting associated with national regulation, the benefits to individual sectors of an economy from trade agreements, and the divergence of outcomes between countries with different per capita income levels are also useful. New trade theory, on the other hand, discusses the effects on trade and investment patterns of imperfect competition, economies of scale, and distortions in factor markets. It advances two quite different explanations of Intra-industry Trade – one emphasizes the interaction of product differentiation and economies of scale and second one emphasizes the literal two-way trade of identical products, with price discrimination being the driving force. It is useful for analyzing quality regulation because it focuses on the many factors that affect the welfare impacts of trade policy (Hooker Caswell, 1996). Barriers to freer trade arising from non-tariff sources have become more prominent as progress has been made worldwide on tariff reduction. Parties to recent trade agreements have sought to lower non-tariff barriers or at a minimum to assure that progress toward freer trade is not thwarted by increases in non-tariff barriers. Regulation of product quality can be a major source of non-tariff barriers to trade. If such barriers are to be lowered, trading partners must develop methods of regulatory rapprochement. For processed food products the level of regulatory rapprochement on quality regulation will have significant impacts on patterns of international trade in the next decade (Hooker Caswell, 1996). Hirschberg et al. 1992) investigated the bilateral trading patterns of 30 countries and found that various market size variables (Appendix B) such as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the comparative size of GDP between trading partners shared border and membership in either the European Community or European Free Trade Area proved to be significant determinants of intra-industry trade. Similarly, the study of H artman and colleagues (1992) on processed food and beverage industries resulted stressed the positive effect on intra-industry trade of US total trade and economies of scope. The study on processed food of Handy and MacDonald (1989) found that product differentiation cultural ties, and firm size were significant determinants of FDI. Connor (1989) expanded on this evidence to suggest the importance of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade and domestic and foreign market structure, and stressed effects of the host country’s regulatory practices, patent protection and trademark laws as likely factors in determining FDI levels. Ning and Reed (1995) highlighted the importance of factors such as host market size, growth rate, and membership in a trading bloc in explaining FDI patterns. In addition, research by Sheldon and Witzke (1992) provided various quality models to trade in food products and highlighted the key role played in the market by consumers’ ability to verify standards set by another country. National-level quality regulation and within trade bloc rapprochement influences firms’ choice of strategies to increase sales abroad such as export sales, joint ventures, FDI, and licensing although not yet quantified. The demand for food quality will continue to increase as incomes increase. National-level performance expectations will increase in the future. Demand for higher quality products increases as income increases. In addition, National governments are the first in line to respond to this demand with new regulations. The demand and new national regulations are likely to outstrip harmonization efforts on an ongoing basis, leaving national regulations with an enduring influence on patterns of trade in processed food products. Quality regulation has momentum, in both more and less developed countries, making keeping up very difficult for firms and cooperating countries. For firms working under national-level quality regulation, a very significant problem is that the regulation is dynamic, changing, and in many cases ratcheting up (Hooker Caswell, 1996). In addition to the national-level quality regulation, many countries have implemented labeling requirements for foods. Labeling provides processor and retailers’ choice, not necessarily consumer choice. The decision of these intermediaries is central to the outcome of any food labeling policy. Consumers will be part of their labeling decision, because retailers and processors will conduct marketing studies on consumer perception (Carter Gruere, 2003). However, the food label is an important tool for improving the public understanding of the health benefits of following a nutritious diet. The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has continued to study food labels with its Food Label and Package Survey (FLAPS). Data from the 2000–2001 FLAPS characterize various aspects of the labeling of processed, packaged foods, including nutrition labeling and various types of label claims. The final FLAPS database consists of 1,281 foods. An estimated 98. % of FDA-regulated processed, packaged foods sold annually have nutrition labels, with an additional 1. 7% of products exempt from nutrition labeling requirements. Health claims, structure or function claims, and nutrient content claims were identified on food labels. In addition to the resource this, survey provides to CFSAN in assessing health and nutrition information on the food label, registered dietitians and other health pr ofessionals can use FLAPS data to assist consumers in choosing a more nutritious diet to improve their health and well-being (http://www. sciencedirect. com). Food safety and Environmental Requirements in International Market It is useful to distinguish between two kinds of food safety and environmental requirements. Mandatory requirements formulated by national or local governments are here referred to as ‘regulations’, while voluntary requirements formulated by the private sector, NGOs or other organizations are referred to as ‘standards’. The latter category includes those voluntary requirements drawn up by National Standards Organizations and international bodies (United Nations, 2007). Food-safety standards and regulations tend to cover multiple issues. Apart from food safety, they cover issues such as plant and animal health, product quality, environmental protection and social welfare. Government regulations applied to imports of FFV sector largely focus on food safety, labeling and marketing requirements. Private-sector standards tend to focus on food safety, environmental protection and social welfare (Geneva, 2006). A number of factors have contributed too increasingly stringent food safety regulations and standards imposed by governments and the private sector, in particular: †¢ Recent food scares and scandals in developed countries; Demographic developments in developed countries (i. e. ageing of population, which gives rise to be more risk-averse and quality-conscious consumer behavior); †¢ Risk minimization efforts by retailers; and †¢ More sophisticated detection and testing methods. Food safety standards and regulations tend to cover multiple aspects. Apart from food safety, they cover issues such as plant and animal health, product quality, environmental protection and social welfare (United Nations, 2007). Requirements laid down in government regulations are often transmitted to producers and exporters in developing countries through the supply chain. For example, EU legislation tends to hold importers accountable for compliance with its provisions with regard to imported products. The need to take responsibility for the safety of the food they import into the EU market places importers under an obligation to exercise due diligence over supply chains (Geneva, 2006). Possible Implication for Developing Countries Developing countries face considerable constraints in meeting food safety regulations and private-sector requirements due to weak institutions, lack of infrastructure, high compliance costs, lack of information, and other factors. One can even go so far to say that the new mandatory and voluntary requirements act to reinforce other strengths and weaknesses at production unit and supply-chain levels, i. e. in terms of technical or transport infrastructure (Geneva, 2006). Adoption of the HACCP approach to assuring safety Developed countries are increasingly requiring adoption of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) approach to assuring food safety. In the EU, the use of HACCP has become mandatory for all food categories. The use of HACCP is not mandatory in the case of primary production. However, the use of HACCP is mandatory in packinghouses in the case of semi-processed and processed food, vegetables, and products that are pre-packed in the exporting country (United Nations, 2007). Economic Environment of Bangladesh During the last few years, Bangladesh made considerable progress in stabilizing and liberalizing its economy. As a result, inflation was much lower than previously, and average annual real GDP growth was above 5%, largely led by exports. Indeed, one of the most striking features of Bangladesh’s trade is that textiles and particularly clothing dominate exports. This dramatic change in the composition of exports is the consequence of Bangladesh’s increased integration into the multilateral trading system. On the structural policy front, the Government has continued to pursue, inter alia, trade liberalization, financial sector reform, and privatization (www. wto. org). Unfortunately, real annual GDP growth, averaging around 6. 7% during the review period, has not been sufficient to make much of a dent in the poverty that pervades Bangladesh. Given Bangladesh’s high incidence of poverty, its dense population, and its vulnerability to natural disasters, including periodic flooding and cyclones, food security is a major policy objective of the Government. Trade Policy Framework The Ministry of Commerce (MOC) is responsible for coordinating trade policy matters through its agencies, as well as in consultation with other Ministries and governmental bodies; national committees are formed to address specific issues on trade and industrial development. Private sector representatives, including business groups and academic institutions, are consulted in the policy-making process through their participation in the national committees. A major institutional change involves the upgrading of the Tariff Commission under the purview of the MOC; the Commission is now empowered to conduct anti-dumping and countervailing investigations (http://www. wto. org). Local regulations, standards and good agricultural practices (GAP) can assist developing countries in promoting safe and sustainable production systems and in supplying products for domestic, regional and international markets that meet the quality, safety and environmental standards of those markets (United Nations, 2007). Trade Policy Measures In an effort to encourage investment, the Government offers a wide range of open-ended tax incentives, notably tax holidays and accelerated depreciation. However, the effectiveness of such incentives in attracting investment is doubtful, particularly in the absence of fiscal transparency, which would involve a detailed account of tax revenues forgone and systematic evaluation of the impact of these incentives in relation to forgone taxes. The existence of incentives complicates tax administration and taxpayer compliance, while increasing the scope for tax avoidance and evasion, both of which are reflected in Bangladesh’s low overall level of tax collection relative to GDP (http://www. wto. org). Frozen Food Business in Bangladesh Bangladesh as a third-world country poses poverty, unstructured business environment, conservative social values for living as an inherent quality. Since this country has achieved independence, it started to changing slowly and now its changing rapidly to cope with the modern and so called western country. Its business has got new dimensions and the whole country economy has started to play a good role in shaping the worlds future to some extends. The participation of developing countries in world trade is much lower than their participation in world production, as the main producers (China, India and Brazil) have huge domestic markets. Although China is the world’s largest producer, only a relatively small proportion of its production is exported, but its exports are increasing rapidly (United Nations, 2007) GDP growth of broad Industry sector was 9. 56% in FY 2005-06. The performance of the industrial sector was mainly based on the growth in textile and wearing apparel, drugs and pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, petroleum products, glass products, cement, electronics, footwear and food beverage industries. In addition to that, we can see that the total export earnings registered a 21. 3% increase during 2005-2006 and rose to US$ 10156 million (16. 03% of GDP) from US$ 8655 million (14. 18 of GDP) in 2004-2005. Exports increased chiefly due to higher demand in both developed and developing countries. Garments had the major share (38. 86%), followed by knitwear and hosiery (35. 43%), frozen foods (4. 43%), jute goods (3. 94%) leather (2. 31%), chemical products (2. 52%) and raw jute (1. 03%) (Export Promotion Bu reau Bangladesh, 2005-2006). Bangladesh is not well prepared to address the new requirements in international markets. Existing mechanisms for gathering, processing and disseminating information are not working properly and there is hardly any coordination, follow-up and monitoring. Largely, stakeholders are mostly unaware, uninformed and unconcerned. However, some private foundations and NGOs are raising awareness among producers of quality requirements and providing them with training. They are also exploring non-traditional markets (United Nations, 2007). The processing industries in the Region’s countries (Asia and Pacific region) are essentially agro-based enterprises. There is a huge range of ethnic and traditional food products in each of the countries. The local food industry has evolved around domestically available agricultural raw materials, such as maize or corn, paddy rice, fruits, vegetable, root crops, sugarcane, coconuts, oil palm, spices, beverages (tea, coffee, cocoa) and honey. Modern food processing plants have been introduced in developing Region’s countries, initially centered on processed foods derived from processed meats, wheat and flour products, and dairy products. This has led to an increase in imported raw materials ingredients and packaging, for the roduction of this type of food. In more recent years, however, indigenous companies have set up, often in joint venture with multinational corporations, to process local raw materials such as pineapples, cassava, fruits and vegetables to be packed, labeled and exported under the corporations’ brand names. These operations include food canning, carbonated beverages, frozen food manufacture, and flour and starch production. The companies apply total quality assurance as well as comprehensive research and development procedures to ensure high quality innovative products (Hicks, 2001). Bangladesh has been involved in frozen food business for a long period of time. During the 1970s, our frozen food industry started with rapid expansion of seafood processing and exporting. Now, the industry has come a long way with the frozen foods export is the second largest export sector of the country. Currently, many firms are involved in both import and export of frozen food. Imported goods include various fruits, semi cooked food, full cooked foods, whereas, exported goods encompass frozen shrimp, lobster, crab, and various vegetables. Although the industry involves both exports and imports, it is actually an export-oriented industry with an average annual growth rate of about 28% in the export area. In 1997, the fourth leading export item in Bangladesh was frozen shrimp and fish, with a 7. 3 percent share of the total export market (www. ifpri. org). The industry includes the following sub-sectors: Hatcheries, Sustainable aqua-culture technology, Feed meals plants, and processing unit for value-added products. The frozen food could be categorized into – (1) Fresh Foods, (2) Semi Cooked/Processes Food, and (3) Full Cooked/Processes Foods (http://www. oi. gov. bd). †¢Fresh Foods: Fresh foods are those which has not cooked or baked but has done some modifications where necessary. For example, Sea Food, Beef, Chicken, Fishes, Mutton etc. †¢Semi-Cooked/Processed Foods: Semi Cooked/processed foods are those which has made or shaped or cooked in such a way that it can be eaten/use just by a simple cookin g process at home. That means, these types of foods are already cooked to some extend and made ready to use after a short cook/bake. For example, Samucha, Singara, Noodles, Porota, etc. Full-Cooked/Processed Foods: Full Cooked/processes foods are those which has made or shaped or cooked in such a way that it can be eaten/use instantly at any time. That means, these types of foods are already cooked/processed to use instantly. For example, Ice-Cream, Juice, etc. The government of Bangladesh and many other national and international organizations have been actively participating for the quality control of the industry. Bangladesh Frozen Foods Exporters Association (BFFEA), a company with limited liability, is the main organization that is involved with this industry and established in 1984. Its main job is to promote and protect the interest of Frozen Food processors, Packers and Exporters in Bangladesh. It also involves in establishing and Promoting, contacts with foreign buyers, business association and the Chamber of Commerce and Industries for developing export marketing and marketing of Frozen Foods (http://www. bangladeshembassy). A Fish and Fish Product Ordinance (Inspection and Quality Control) was created by the Bangladesh government and in 1985 upgraded the inspection laboratory and its personnel (www. ifpri. org). Among the international organizations, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has helped this industry too. It has developed product standards, regulations, and fish inspection schemes. Based on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, FAO initiated a 1996 project to give a hand in the preparation of a fish safety and quality control program for the seafood plants in Bangladesh, Intergovernmental Organization for Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Asia Pacific Region (INFOFISH) also aided the industry several times. It has carried out projects that focused on the export promotion of value-added products and their sustainable development (http://www. ifpri. org). Another international organization, International Technology Development Group (ITDG), promotes food processing to help the rural poor in developing countries to secure sustainable livelihoods. This is part of ITDG’s goal to build the technical skills of poor people in developing countries to improve their lives (O. Yu, 2002). ITDG links up with local organizations to provide training and support to food processors and entrepreneurs emphasizing on flexibility, little capital investment requirement, and operating in the home without the need for sophisticated or expensive equipment. Among the projects of are cereal milling in Peru, snack food production in Bangladesh, and fruit and vegetable drying in the Sudan (Halweil, 2002). ITDG began operating in Bangladesh in the early 1980s, but the ITDG–Bangladesh (ITDG-B) program was not formally established until 1990. ITDG-B provides technical assistance to small producers and local organizations, including training, product research and development, disseminating information, networking and policy advocacy (O. YU, 2002). Food processing could help the rural poor in Bangladesh, especially women, who are among the most disadvantaged. Food processing often requires only a little capital and can use local produce. Many Bangladeshi women, ITDG-B found, were already processing snack foods such as home made samucha, singara etc. Building on their own know-how, women could increase their household income by using local resources to process foodstuff. Food processing can serve several development objectives for households and small business: increased income, greater savings, food security and better nutrition (ITDG, 1999). Agro processing in the broad sense is important to the national economy, having shown a purported 32 per cent annual growth in past years (Bangladesh Economic Review, 1995). While large companies have now entered the snack food market, small producers serve local markets and boost local economies. Preserving food stretches the utility and productivity of farm produce, which is often wasted during peak seasons but scarce during lean seasons. Food processing helps to make food available during lean seasons and helps to stabilize household income (O. Yu, 2002). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has pointed out that the value realized from processing and marketing farm products can surpass primary production (FAO, 1995). The present market for these products is a sellers’ market dominated by a number of firms. Consumers have choices of different quality and price. Producers with appropriate marketing strategies are receiving market acceptance in the domestic market. The market for processed food products is becoming highly sophisticated and consumers are becoming more quality conscious. Major local markets include Dhaka and Chittagong cities. Apart from a growing domestic demand, the government is encouraging the export of processed foods, which is important for this sector. Processed food products in the local market move from processors to the consumers through a chain of wholesalers and retailers. Distribution to the export market is through direct exporting or through trading companies (Hossain Sheel, 2001). Constrains and Scope for Development While small-scale food processing offers numerous opportunities for improving livelihoods, several constraints that hamper development need to be addressed. A major one is that large companies such as Bombay Mix, Aftab, Rich etc. have begun producing myriad processed foods, including snacks, pickles, jelly and jam. Therefore, there is a stiff competition among the large and small scale producers in the domestic market (Hossain Sheel, 2001). According to the Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB), by April 2000 approximately ten large companies were manufacturing it. Another problem is that small producers have limited know-how in the technology of preparing food products, as mentioned by Azam Ali, coordinator of agro processing programs at ITDG, lack of proper information and expertise seems to be a particular problem in the case of small-scale food processing even though it can be a major source of jobs and additional income. A number of other concerns that inhibit small-scale food processing in Bangladesh (ITDG, 1998) need to be addressed: †¢There is a significant difference between having the ability to produce for home consumption and establishing a small business based on this product. A range of skills (both technical and business) is needed to make the transition from home production to the running of a small-scale enterprise. †¢Linked to this is the ability to locate and target markets. This is a dynamic sector. Rural producers need to learn how to monitor change, develop markets and sell their products. Know-how in selling and locating wider markets was a common limitation. †¢Consumer perception is an important issue faced by small-scale processors. There is a common perception that foods produced by small-scale operators are unhygienic and unsafe. This may be somewhat true but is commonly exaggerated. Nonetheless, processors need to be more conscious of hygiene, quality and consistency in food handling, including dangers of adulteration. †¢ Lack of access to raw materials, appropriate equipment and packaging materials are obstacles that small-scale processors frequently face. †¢Access to credit is lacking. Many of the small-scale processors belong to the most marginalized sector of the population and do not have disposable income. To enable them to put their skills into practice, most need access to credit to purchase equipment and raw materials. They also lack access to appropriate and timely information on a range of topics. To compete effectively, small-scale food processors need reliable technological information and information on suppliers and prices of materials, equipment and packaging, and marketing information. †¢Recording transactions is a problem because of low literacy. In the 1990s, only 34. 4 per cent of Bangladesh’s population was literate. Literacy among women was 25. 5 per cent. In rural areas it was as low as 13 per cent (BBS, 1999). Most problems were market related: competition with large companies, inconsistent quality, inferior packaging and labeling, marketing and selling, insufficient access to quality raw materials, and lack of confidence among consumers in products of small-scale producers (Azami et al. , 1996; Azmi Chowdhury, 1996). †¢The value-added tax imposed by the government to the processed food industry and limited promotional activities for the small scale business due to the high cost of advertisement in mass media (Hossain Sheel, 2001). The changing role of multinational companies and demographic factors, and more globalization of production and market are likely to enforce developing countries like Bangladesh to face increased competition emanating from liberal trade regimes, big MNCs enjoying economies of scale by virtue of their global operation, and lack of access to global market because of no brand name and heavy expense of advertising for local firms (Hussain, 2002). As such in case of Malaysian processed food, they have the technology and the means to locally process food into higher-value products where there is ess competition from other exporting countries such as Bangladesh (http://www. delmys. cec. eu. int). Furthermore, there is a lack of modern infrastructure and equipment for food processing in many developing countries of the Region. Inadequate transportation, poor distribution, inadequate cold storage and freezer capacity, lack of potable water and unreliable power supply are the main shortcomings. There is a shortage of trained, skilled labor and technical competence in agriculture especially in the traditional food industry sector. This coupled with poor management, leads to inefficiency and poor competitiveness. Labor costs have risen markedly in newly industrialized countries, in the last decade. This results in higher production costs, for labor-intensive operation. Moving the operation to lower labor cost countries, or automation, is the response of modern food companies (Hicks, 2001). To compete with these challenges developing countries should create employment through economic development and promoting technologies that suit the resource endowment. A country like Bangladesh has large populations. Best way to achieve economic development by using the most abundant resource – labor. Developing countries, therefore, have to supplement the RD effort and modify technologies to their advantage, at least in sectors where most of the population draws its living such as agriculture, aquaculture, tourism, etc. Local business and enterprise development is important for adding value to local resources, creating employment, and improving traditional products for the global market. Taiwan’s herbal teas, dried/pickled fruits, India-Pakistan cooking spices, pickles and chutneys, Malaysian ready-to-cook traditional foods and paratha, are interesting innovations in business development. The potential for further development is vast and should be exploited (Hussain, 2002). The local business development also offers huge economic opportunities. Developing nations that emphasize greater food self-reliance can thereby retain precious foreign exchange and avoid the whims of international markets. There is strong evidence that local food often costs less than the quivalent foods bought on the international market or from a supermarket, because transportation costs are lower and there are fewer middlemen. In fact, rebuilding local food systems might offer the first genuine economic opportunity in farm country in years, a pressing need in view of the huge amounts of money leaking out of rural communities. To the extent that functions associated with food production and distribution are relocated in the community under local ownership, more money will circulate in the local community to generate more jobs and income. This is particularly true if crops are not only grown locally, but also processed locally or served in local restaurants. This sort of alliance can help arrest the positive feedback loop that makes it harder and harder for independent players to survive. Cornwall in England is an icon that link local food to local food business: In Cornwall, the Cornwall County Council’s in-house meal service provider is backing local food suppliers as part of a ? 1 million contract to supply school meals to 32 county primary and secondary schools for fresh meat, frozen food and vegetables (Halweil, 2002). A study on food processing in Bangladesh assessed the market and the potential of each activity (Chowdhury ; Sarker, 1989). Their study considered snack foods as secondary food processing. Some interesting findings included the following: †¢Many crops were produced throughout the year. Yet because the farms and production were small, the volume of crops that could be processed was smaller than the capacity of even the smallest machines. In 1996, for example, 52. 85 per cent of holdings were small, 0. 05 to 2. 49 acres. Medium-sized farm holdings, 2. 5 to 7. 9 acres, made up 11. 65 per cent, and large holdings were only 1. 67 per cent (BBS, 1999). †¢Most crops, except jute and tea, were produced for the local market, but production was still less than the country’s total demand. Some crops, therefore, were imported. †¢Crop processing could provide employment for women and the rural poor. However, without appropriate equipment, modern capital-intensive production could overrun the industry and displace women and landless workers. Furthermore, snack foods were identified as a focus, along with rice and sugar cane products. ITDG-B determined that there was a need to train fieldworkers on how to make snack foods so that they could guide beneficiaries in running food processing businesses. Post-workshop consultations with development organizations emphasized the need to train fieldworkers further in establishing sustainable small-scale food processing businesses, particularly since the business orientation of these organizations and their staff was inadequate. When ITDG-B looked at existing suppliers of technology and training, it found that the existing training courses were oriented towards large-scale operations (O. Yu, 2002). The search for improved quality and reliability of supply tends to create certain governance structures in the private sector along the supply or value chain. Private sector requirements function as value chain governance tools: by specifying, communicating and enforcing compliance with key product and process parameters along the value chain, large buyers and retailers can benefit from control without ownership. Specific requirements on food safety, quality, and environmental or social issues substitute, to some extent, for direct monitoring and ownership by buyers. These requirements transfer the direct costs of monitoring and control from the buyers to the suppliers, who have to bear the costs of certification yet are rarely compensated through higher prices (United Nations, 2007). Food Quality and Standard in Bangladesh Quality of products is ensured through using appropriate raw materials, the right type of equipment and qualified technical personnel. Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) standards and rules are followed to ensure high quality (Hossain ; Sheel, 2001). The BSTI can play vital role to develop and harmonize food standards for ensuring food quality and security in the country. They also emphasized fixing a standard level to promote food standards up to international level and norms to facilitate both the domestic and international trade for boosting the export earnings (http://www. newagebd. com). The BSTI, the national standards body, is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Industries. BSTI performs the task of formulation of national standards of industrial, food and chemical products. Quality control of these products is done according to Bangladesh Standards. Till date BSTI has come up with over 1800 national standards of various products adopting more than 132 International Standards (i. . ISO) and food standards set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (www. thedailystar. net). BSTI certifies the quality of commodities including food items for local consumption, which applies both for export and for import. Currently, 142 products are under compulsory certification marks scheme of BSTI including 54 agricultural and food items (http:// www. bsti. gov. bd). The country needs food quality testing facilities because big international corporate businesses cannot purchase many Bangladeshi food products in the absence of such facilities. One of the major issues that prevent the corporate businesses in the food sector from purchasing from small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh is the lack of quality testing facilities (http://www. sdnbd. org). BSTI has made it mandatory to mention six facts regarding the product on the package. This includes the date of production, date of expiry (best before use), net contents or weight, address of the producers or marketing companies, maximum retail price (MRP) and the ingredients (http://www. bsti. gov. bd). BSTI collects random samples from the factories and buys products from the market to test. If they find sub-standard product they do not have the power to take action against the company or the industry. The BSTI Ordinance 1985 has been amended to Act 2003 for consumers’ protection against low quality products (http://www. thedailystar. net). Only the government food testing laboratory at IPH works on food safety and water quality issues. The legal provisions to ensure proper quality control of food are inadequate (world health organization, 2002). The Institute of Public Health (IPH) organizes its activities of quality control of drugs, food and water, production of vaccines, intravenous fluids, antisera and diagnostic reagents, diagnosis of infectious diseases and related research facilities. IPH is formed to assist the government to prevent and control major health hazards caused by contaminated and adulterated food and water. Besides this, it organizes training programs in the field of diagnosis, control and prevention of infectious diseases and food and water safety. It also conducts various research activities in related fields of public health, and to collaborate and co-operate with other national, international organizations and agencies in the promotion of public health (http://www. thedailystar. net). It is therefore essential to enhance awareness and understanding of the possible implications of quality, food safety and environmental requirements for the food sector in Bangladesh, and to carry out an assessment of the compliance costs and the costs and benefits of a proactive adjustment strategy for the sector, including its impact on competitiveness (United Nations, 2007). Recommendations The new product range of frozen food has put forward the market for semi processed or processed food on the run. As people are becoming more work-based, especially women, there is very less time for cooking or preparing Tiffin for children. It is a relive for working mothers and even easy for bachelors to prepare snacks or such items in no time and with less hassle. The frozen food industry has recently begun in Bangladesh, concentrating in major cities like Dhaka and Chittagong and directing towards only superstores. The growing demand from foreigners residing in cities previously to new generation working moms and other working people has opened a huge opportunity for potential players to join in this appealing industry. Blooming companies are trying to gain awareness for market share at recent times. This benefits customers in terms of superior quality products and better customer service. Thus, the industry has to devise innovative strategies so as to attract and retain more customers. Availability: To gain more customers the companies need to reach out to retail outlets or departmental stores at various corners of the city. Although the product needs to be kept in special freezers, these companies can make it happen. They can provide incentives for retailers or even at potential customer bases can provide with freezers themselves! In order to sustain in this competitive arena, where lot of frozen food imports are pouring in, the industry in Bangladesh needs to be strong in distribution. Export: Companies should spread its boundaries to outside country to gain more revenue. Things like shrimps and prawns and vegetables are already good frozen exports and are earning good amount of revenue. So, exporting can be good choice to expand. Science and Technology: Distribution and mass customized production may be in the form of acquiring new and advanced store equipments. Such things would increase the pace of goods delivered to customers. Specialized equipment for preserving frozen foods may be acquired. Equipment is being developed that will give both visibility and attractiveness to both frozen food, made possible by new advances in refrigeration which permit visibility but retain low temperature. Modern machinery and technology can help in product design and development, mass production, standardization and quality control, packaging and transport. Promotion: At this point, the frozen food companies should do rigorous promotional activities in order to increase awareness level in probable customers. Different programs may include in-store demonstrations of how easy the food is to prepare, leaflets of the items given to the parents when they wait to take their kids from schools. Leaflets in newspapers and colorful ads in the TV during drama time, 9:00 pm to be shown in various satellite Bangladeshi channels can also be good starting. Another ground to show off is during the international trade fairs. Placing: The cities are big and to create a place there one needs to be different. The people to be targeted are literate working people with white color jobs or students. Therefore to reach this mass a company needs to set up somewhere from where distribution is easy to retailers. Another daring step can be to have a forward linkage or integration. That is to say to have a retail outlet of only company made frozen food. This is company owned and can have a small cafe serving only snacks out of their items. The shop should have people from the company who can answer to any queries the people ay have. Innovation: Constant rendering is required to have a strong hold on the market share. Outside of Bangladesh frozen food has ranged from snacks to whole meals. The frozen food companies should develop new products through research and development to match with the ever changing demands. They should always try to make ways to lower cost without hampering quality much so to compete with the imports. Installment of Training Programs Manpower: Manipulative skills are available to the agro-industries in the Region. However, inadequacy of in-depth technical understanding and lack of management skills in the workforce restricts innovation and consistent performance. Therefore, government as well as private sector should develop a sound technological and industrial base, human resources in science, technology administration and management. Institutes for research and development working on the needs of frozen food industries should be established at different levels of development. Infrastructure Development and Favorable Trade Policy: Both institutional and physical, is a component of most national development plans. Establishment of basic infrastructure such as roads, distribution system, power supply, and favorable and supportive policy to have adequate cold storage and freezer system is recognized as essential for the growth of semi-processed food industries. There should be a modern infrastructure and equipment for food processing. Conclusion It is very much clear that Bangladesh potential country to produce frozen food due to its resource endowment – abundant labor force that is suitable for the production of frozen food. The essence of the frozen food business is that it becomes an income source for the local and rural people. There are large organizations associated with this industry, and thus a huge number of employees are employed. That is how this industry is keeping a great deal of contribution in removing unemployment rate and creating more employment opportunity, and, shaping its future. Furthermore, increasing demand both in local and in overseas for the frozen food and little investment requirement make this business more attractive and profitable for small-scale and larger producers. However, massive pressure from imported semi-processed foods is affecting the local small-scale producers such as home made foods. Therefore, frozen food businesses require achieving the quality standard and government should aid small-size business with tax reduction, and facilitate more investment. Here, the private sectors or larger organization can play an important role by facilitating the small producers in the value creation activities. Furthermore, consumer awareness is also a big factor to develop the frozen food industry. Unless and until the consumes are willing to buy locally produced semi-processed food and help the local producers produce quality products, the development of frozen food business country wide might not take place. How to cite Frozen Food Business in Bangladesh, Essays